{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T11:27:20Z","timestamp":1787138840202,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Centre Egypt"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Egypt\u2019s coastal waters host a diverse array of edible bivalves, including clams, mussels, and oysters. Among these, the Mediterranean clam\n                    <jats:italic>Paratapes undulatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Born, 1778) possesses substantial ecological and nutritional importance. This study investigates the chemical profile and multifunctional biological properties of\n                    <jats:italic>P. undulatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Pu) ethanolic extract and its green-synthesized nanoparticles (ZnO, Ag, and Se). The biosynthesized NPs were characterized via UV-Vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). GC\u2013MS profiling revealed a rich spectrum of bioactive metabolites, including porphyrins, organosilicon compounds, sulfur derivatives, and steroids, which serve as natural stabilizing and capping agents during nanoparticle formation. The in vitro biological activities of the extract and nanoparticles were investigated. Anticancer potential was assessed against human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2) cell lines. Results indicated that green synthesis markedly enhanced the extract\u2019s biological performance. Pu\u2013SeNPs exhibited the highest potency, demonstrating superior antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, NO), antidiabetic, anti-Alzheimer\u2019s, anti-arthritic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Pu\u2013ZnO NPs showed significant bioactivity, though less pronounced than the selenium counterparts. In contrast, Pu\u2013AgNPs displayed minimal improvement over the crude extract. Notably, the apoptosis marker revealed that the unmodified extract was the most effective formulation against Caco-2 cells. However, the biosynthesized nanoparticles exhibited inconsistent efficacy against HepG-2 cells, necessitating further mechanistic investigation.\n                    <jats:italic>Paratapes undulatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    -mediated green synthesis, particularly for selenium nanoparticles, represents a promising multifunctional beneficial platform. These findings highlight the potential of marine-derived bivalve extracts in developing sustainable, bio-based nanomedicines to combat oxidative stress, metabolic disorders, neurodegeneration, and selective oncogenic pathways.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-61397-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T10:44:38Z","timestamp":1787136278000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In vitro biological potential of green-synthesized nanoparticles from the Egyptian edible bivalve Paratapes undulatus (Born, 1778)"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8335-5381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aida I.","family":"El Makawy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled M.","family":"Zayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalia M.","family":"Mabrouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed M.","family":"Abd Elrahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amal G.","family":"Hussien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinderella A.","family":"Fahmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"61397_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira et al. DHA-Derived Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators, Biosynthetic Pathways, Synthetic Approaches, and Their Role in Inflammation. Molecules 27 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27051677"},{"key":"61397_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.33745\/ijzi.2023.v09i02.045","volume":"9","author":"MS Sarwat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sarwat, M. S. Nutritional benefits of marine molluscs: A comprehensive review. Int. J. Zool. Investig. 9, 408\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33745\/ijzi.2023.v09i02.045 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Zool. Investig."},{"key":"61397_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2022.2123940","volume":"60","author":"MR Habib","year":"2022","unstructured":"Habib, M. R. et al. Thais savignyi tissue extract: bioactivity, chemical composition, and molecular docking. Pharm. Biol. 60, 1899\u20131914. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13880209.2022.2123940 (2022).","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"61397_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al, N. Antioxidants obtained from marine sources, Mar. Antioxidants. Acad. Press. 45\u201356. (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-95086-2.00011-4"},{"key":"61397_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15835\/buasvmcn-fst:2020.0064","author":"RO Moruf","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moruf, R. O., Ogunbambo, M. M., Taiwo, M. A. & Afolayan, O. A. Marine bivalves as a dietary source of high-quality lipid: a review with special reference to natural long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Food Sci. Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15835\/buasvmcn-fst:2020.0064 (2021).","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"61397_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.7324\/JAPS.2023.119765","volume":"13","author":"KM Zayed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zayed, K. M. et al. Biological activity, chemical profiling and molecular docking of tissue extracts of the sea snail Trochus erithreus. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 13, 199\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7324\/JAPS.2023.119765 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"61397_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21608\/EJCHEM.2023.200467.7736","volume":"66","author":"MR Habib","year":"2023","unstructured":"Habib, M. R. et al. In vitro anticancer and antimicrobial activities of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase purified from Cellana rota snail. Egypt. J. Chem. 66, 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/EJCHEM.2023.200467.7736 (2023).","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Chem."},{"key":"61397_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-024-07623-2","volume":"235","author":"AA Abdelhady","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdelhady, A. A., Ahmed, M. S., Samy-Kamal, M. & Hussain, A. M. Assessment of ocean acidification impact on gastropod shells using geometric morphometrics. Water Air Soil Pollut. 235, 810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11270-024-07623-2 (2024).","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"61397_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medidd.2021.100107","volume":"12","author":"E Wynendaele","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wynendaele, E. et al. Sustainability in drug discovery, Med. Drug Discov. 12, 100107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medidd.2021.100107 (2021).","journal-title":"Drug Discov"},{"key":"61397_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/ijbcrr\/2019\/v27i430130","volume":"27","author":"Eghianruwa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eghianruwa et al. Bioactive Peptides from Marine Molluscs\u2014A Review. Int. J. Biochem. Res. Rev. 27, 1\u201312 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Res. Rev."},{"key":"61397_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.11113\/mjfas.v20n1.2893","volume":"20","author":"SS Shukhairi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shukhairi, S. S. et al. Microplastics Isolated from Saltwater Clam Paratapes undulatus from Wet Market at Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. Malaysian J. Fundam Appl. Sci. 20, 89\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11113\/mjfas.v20n1.2893 (2024).","journal-title":"Malaysian J. Fundam Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"05","key":"61397_CR12","first-page":"219","volume":"12","author":"MA Ghareeb","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ghareeb, M. A., Hamdi, S. A. H., Fol, M. F. & Ibrahim, A. M. Chemical characterization, antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antioxidant activities of the methanolic extract of Paratapes undulatus clams (Born, 1778). J. Appl. Pharmacol. Sci. 12 (05), 219\u2013228 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"61397_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S443692","volume":"19","author":"Y Lv","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lv, Y. et al. Nano-Drug Delivery Systems Based on Natural Products. Int. J. Nanomed. 19, 541\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJN.S443692 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"61397_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.30750\/ijpbr.8.3.4","volume":"8","author":"A Roychoudhury","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roychoudhury, A. Yeast-mediated Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Biological Applications. Indian J. Pharm. Biol. Res. 8, 26\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30750\/ijpbr.8.3.4 (2020).","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Biol. Res."},{"key":"61397_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10061146","volume":"10","author":"MA Ali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ali, M. A. et al. Advancements in plant and microbe-based synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity against plant pathogens. Nanomaterials 10, 1\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano10061146 (2020).","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"61397_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2022.100888","volume":"31","author":"IN Rizki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rizki, I. N. & Klaypradit, W. Utilization of marine organisms for the green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles and their applications: A review. Sustainable Chem. Pharm. 31, 100888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scp.2022.100888 (2023).","journal-title":"Sustainable Chem. Pharm."},{"issue":"10","key":"61397_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-023-02886-1","volume":"46","author":"N Asif","year":"2023","unstructured":"Asif, N., Amir, M. & Fatma, T. Recent advances in the synthesis, characterization and biomedical applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 46 (10), 1377\u20131398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00449-023-02886-1 (2023).","journal-title":"Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng."},{"issue":"5","key":"61397_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11050964","volume":"11","author":"IF Xia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xia, I. F. et al. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) immunomodulation is more than redox improvement: Serum proteomics and transcriptomic analyses. Antioxidants (Basel) 11(5), 964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox11050964 (2022).","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"issue":"3","key":"61397_CR19","first-page":"957","volume":"8","author":"MA Negm","year":"2018","unstructured":"Negm, M. A. et al. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using marine algae extract and their antibacterial activity. Middle East. J. Appl. Sci. 8 (3), 957\u2013970 (2018).","journal-title":"Middle East. J. Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"61397_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.21608\/ejabf.2024.350083","volume":"28","author":"ZN Jafar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jafar, Z. N. & Athbi, A. M. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using ethanolic extract of the marine alga Enteromorpha intestinalis and evaluation of their antibacterial activity. Egypt. J. Aquat. Biology Fisheries. 28 (2), 735\u2013756 (2024).","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Aquat. Biology Fisheries"},{"key":"61397_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.21608\/EJCHEM.2018.4960.1442","volume":"62","author":"WM Aboulthana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aboulthana, W. M. et al. Evaluation of antioxidant efficiency of Croton tiglium L. Seeds extracts after incorporating silver nanoparticles. Egypt. J. Chem. 62, 181\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/EJCHEM.2018.4960.1442 (2019).","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"61397_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11041005","volume":"11","author":"A Salayova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salayova, A. et al. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles with antibacterial activity using various medicinal plant extracts: morphology and antibacterial efficacy. Nanomaterials (Basel). 11 (4), 1005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano11041005 (2021). PMID: 33919801; PMCID: PMC8070782.","journal-title":"Nanomaterials (Basel)"},{"key":"61397_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s11627-023-10333-9","volume":"59","author":"HM El-Naggar","year":"2023","unstructured":"El-Naggar, H. M., Shehata, A. M. & Morsi, M.-A. Micropropagation and GC\u2013MS analysis of bioactive compounds in bulbs and callus of white squill. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant 59, 154\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11627-023-10333-9 (2023).","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant"},{"key":"61397_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1999.4019","volume":"269","author":"P Prieto","year":"1999","unstructured":"Prieto, P., Pineda, M. & Aguilar, M. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin e. Anal. Biochem. 269, 337\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/abio.1999.4019 (1999).","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"61397_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.5264\/eiyogakuzashi.44.307","volume":"44","author":"M Oyaizu","year":"1986","unstructured":"Oyaizu, M. Studies on products of browning reaction. Antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. Japanese J. Nutr. Diet. 44, 307\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5264\/eiyogakuzashi.44.307 (1986).","journal-title":"Japanese J. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"61397_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(00)00324-1","volume":"73","author":"MB Arnao","year":"2001","unstructured":"Arnao, M. B., Cano, A. & Acosta, M. The hydrophilic and lipophilic contribution to total antioxidant activity. Food Chem. 73, 239\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0308-8146(00)00324-1 (2001).","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"61397_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3692605","author":"G Paun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Paun, G., Neagu, E., Moroeanu, V., Albu, C. & Savin, S. Chemical and bioactivity evaluation of eryngium planum and cnicus benedictus polyphenolic-rich extracts. Biomed. Res. Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/3692605 (2019).","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"61397_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1879-9","volume":"17","author":"AM Alamgeer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alamgeer, A. M., Uttra, U. H. & Hasan Anti-arthritic activity of aqueous-methanolic extract and various fractions of Berberis orthobotrys Bien ex Aitch, BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 17, 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-017-1879-9 (2017).","journal-title":"Altern. Med."},{"key":"61397_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(89)90397-9","volume":"119","author":"MB Hansen","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hansen, M. B., Nielsen, S. E. & Berg, K. Re-examination and further development of a precise and rapid dye method for measuring cell growth\/cell kill. J. Immunol. Methods 119, 203\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-1759(89)90397-9 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"61397_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S124403","volume":"12","author":"CT Ng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ng, C. T. et al. Zinc oxide nanoparticles exhibit cytotoxicity and genotoxicity through oxidative stress responses in human lung fibroblasts and Drosophila melanogaster. Int. J. Nanomed. 12, 1621\u20131637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJN.S124403 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"61397_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","volume":"25","author":"KJ Livak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Livak, K. J. & Schmittgen, T. D. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods 25, 402\u2013408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/meth.2001.1262 (2001).","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"61397_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26185529","author":"P Pandey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pandey, P., Khan, F., Alzahrani, F. A., Qari, H. A. & Oves, M. A novel approach to unraveling the apoptotic potential of rutin (bioflavonoid) via targeting jab1 in cervical cancer cells. Molecules https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26185529 (2021).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"61397_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003303909-23","volume-title":"Marine Biochemistry","author":"W Boulajfene","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boulajfene, W. Nutritional and health benefits of marine mollusks. In Marine Biochemistry 435\u2013453 (Taylor & Francis, 2022)."},{"key":"61397_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2020.108728","volume":"183","author":"A Ahmed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmed, A., Omar, W., El-Asmy, H., Abouzeid, L. & Fadda, A. Docking studies, antitumor and antioxidant evaluation of newly synthesized porphyrin and metalloporphyrin derivatives. Dye Pigment. 183, 108728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dyepig.2020.108728 (2020).","journal-title":"Dye Pigment"},{"key":"61397_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/md23070274","volume":"23","author":"T Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, T., Shi, W., Mao, Z., Xie, W. & Wan, G. Neuroprotective mechanisms of red algae-derived bioactive compounds in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: An overview of novel insights. Mar. Drugs 23, 1\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md23070274 (2025).","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"61397_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-023-02550-x","volume":"33","author":"BZ Jha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jha, B. Z. Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications. J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. 33, 1437\u20131452 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym."},{"key":"61397_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103485","volume":"30","author":"H Rehman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rehman, H. et al. Delphinium uncinatum mediated biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and in-vitro evaluation of their antioxidant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging activities. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 30, 103485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103485 (2023).","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"61397_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16110695","volume":"16","author":"LL Chen","year":"2026","unstructured":"Chen, L. L., Guo, J. H., Liu, Y. Y. & Wang, H. Biological responses to combined nanoparticles: Uptake, distribution and toxicity. Nanomaterials 16(11), 695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano16110695 (2026).","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"issue":"1","key":"61397_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13666","volume":"14","author":"A Bulgarini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bulgarini, A., Lampis, S., Turner, R. J. & Vallini, G. Biomolecular composition of capping layer and stability of biogenic selenium nanoparticles synthesized by five bacterial species. Microb. Biotechnol. 14(1), 198\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1751-7915.13666 (2021).","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"61397_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s13237-016-0183-2","volume":"60","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bhattacharjee et al. Nano-Se as a novel candidate in the management of oxidative stress-related disorders and cancer. Nucleus 60, 137\u2013145 (2017).","journal-title":"Nucleus"},{"key":"61397_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-020-01831-0","volume":"202","author":"S Faramarzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Faramarzi, S., Anzabi, Y. & Jafarizadeh-Malmiri, H. Nanobiotechnology approach in intracellular selenium nanoparticle synthesis using Saccharomyces cerevisiae\u2014fabrication and characterization. Arch. Microbiol. 202, 1203\u20131209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00203-020-01831-0 (2020).","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"61397_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.104062","volume":"59","author":"C Zhai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhai, C. et al. Construction, characterization, antioxidant activity, and effects on properties in vitro digestion of selenium nanoparticles decorated with Cyperus esculentus polysaccharides. Food Biosci. 59, 104062 (2024).","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"61397_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.21608\/ejdr.2021.81793.1085","volume":"71","author":"M El-Saber","year":"2021","unstructured":"El-Saber, M. Effect of biosynthesized Zn and Se nanoparticles on the productivity and active constituents of garlic subjected to saline stress. Egypt. J. Desert Res. 71, 99\u2013128 (2021).","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Desert Res."},{"key":"61397_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15212\/bioi-2024-0063","volume":"5","author":"SS Ibrahim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ibrahim, S. S. et al. Recent progress in the green synthesis, characterization, and applications of selenium nanoparticles. BIOI 5, 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15212\/bioi-2024-0063 (2024).","journal-title":"BIOI"},{"key":"61397_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-09598-z","author":"JA Ansari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ansari, J. A. et al. Recent advances in the therapeutic applications of selenium nanoparticles. Mol. Biol. Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-024-09598-z (2024).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"61397_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28093692","author":"HA Rudayni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rudayni, H. A. et al. Biological activities of sargassum algae mediated ZnO and Co-doped ZnO nanoparticles as enhanced antioxidant and anti-diabetic agents. Molecules https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28093692 (2023).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"61397_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2515690X2093582","DOI":"10.1177\/2515690X20935827","volume":"25","author":"ZD Kifle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kifle, Z. D. & Enyew, E. F. Evaluation of in vivo antidiabetic, in vitro \u03b1-amylase inhibitory, and in vitro antioxidant activity of leaves crude extract and solvent fractions of Bersama abyssinica Fresen (melianthaceae). J. Evid.-Based Integr. Med. 25, 2515690X20935827. (2020).","journal-title":"J. Evid.-Based Integr. Med."},{"key":"61397_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md20080527","author":"GJ Jeong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jeong, G. J., Khan, S., Tabassum, N., Khan, F. & Kim, Y. M. Marine-bioinspired nanoparticles as potential drugs for multiple biological roles. Mar. Drugs https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md20080527 (2022).","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"61397_CR49","first-page":"142","volume":"142","author":"A moghaddam","year":"2025","unstructured":"moghaddam, A. Neuro-nutraceutical potential of selenium-enriched spirulina platensis in alleviating streptozotocin-induced cognitive impairment: Modulation of oxidative stress and acetylcholine activity in a rat model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. South. Afr. J. Bot. 142, 142\u2013153 (2025).","journal-title":"South. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"61397_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1039\/c9np00010k","volume":"36","author":"LWK Moodie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moodie, L. W. K., Sep\u010di\u0107, K., Turk, T., Frange\u017d, R. & Svenson, J. Natural cholinesterase inhibitors from marine organisms. Nat. Prod. Rep. 36, 1053\u20131092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c9np00010k (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"61397_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S407122","volume":"17","author":"Y Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. The protective effect of selenium nanoparticles in osteoarthritis: In vitro and in vivo studies. Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 17, 1515\u20131529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/DDDT.S407122 (2023).","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"61397_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125608","volume":"26","author":"G Metkin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Metkin, G. et al. Investigating COX-2 and 5-LOX enzyme-related anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and phytochemical features of scutellaria salviifolia benth. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 26, 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26125608 (2025).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"61397_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2025","volume":"88","author":"P Tang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tang, P., Huang, R., Zhong, X., Chen, X. & Lei, Y. A comprehensive review on selenium and blood pressure: Recent advances and research perspectives. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 88, 127607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtemb.2025 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"61397_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2020.1748779","volume":"83","author":"L Kobos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kobos, L. et al. Comparison of silver nanoparticle-induced inflammatory responses between healthy and metabolic syndrome mouse models. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A. 83, 249\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15287394.2020.1748779 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"61397_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.105.068122","volume":"90","author":"EZ Bagci","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bagci, E. Z., Vodovotz, Y., Billiar, T. R., Ermentrout, G. B. & Bahar, I. Bistability in apoptosis: Roles of Bax, Bcl-2, and mitochondrial permeability transition pores. Biophys. J. 90, 1546\u20131559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1529\/biophysj.105.068122 (2006).","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"61397_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e132071","DOI":"10.5812\/ijpr-132071","volume":"21","author":"S Fahimi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fahimi, S., Oryan, S., Ahmadi, R. & Eidi, A. Downregulation of Bax\/Bcl-2 expression during apoptosis in the hippocampus of diabetic male Wistar rats: ameliorative effects of peganum harmala seed extract. Iran. J. Pharm. Res. IJPR. 21, e132071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/ijpr-132071 (2022).","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res. IJPR"},{"key":"61397_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115449","volume":"264","author":"L Fan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fan, L. et al. Alterations of Bax\/Bcl-2 ratio contribute to NaAsO2-induced thyrotoxicity in human thyroid follicular epithelial cells and SD rats. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 264, 115449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115449 (2023).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"61397_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.202100432","volume":"17","author":"AH Hashem","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hashem, A. H. & Salem, S. S. Green and eco-friendly biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles using Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) leaf extract: Antimicrobial and anticancer activity. Biotechnol. J. 17, e2100432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/biot.202100432 (2022).","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"61397_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1116051","author":"D Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, D. et al. Trends and recent progresses of selenium nanoparticles as novel autophagy regulators for therapeutic development. Front. Nutr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2023.1116051 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"issue":"4","key":"61397_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt.2017.0120","volume":"12","author":"H Barabadi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barabadi, H. et al. Efficacy of green nanoparticles against cancerous and normal cell lines: A systematic review and meta-analysis. IET Nanobiotechnol. 12(4), 377\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/iet-nbt.2017.0120 (2018).","journal-title":"IET Nanobiotechnol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61397-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61397-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61397-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T10:59:39Z","timestamp":1787137179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61397-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["61397"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-61397-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"26045"}}