{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:49:49Z","timestamp":1791506989526,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":92,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002661","name":"Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J.0189.24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J.0189.24"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013326","name":"Universitaire Stichting","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-61450-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T12:07:08Z","timestamp":1783598828000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ontogenetic emergence of behavioral consistency in a self-fertilizing fish"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6753-2338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justine","family":"B\u00e9lik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvain Rudi Nathan Ghislain","family":"Leclercq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurine","family":"Delcuve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Silvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"61450_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200454","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.200454","volume":"7","author":"PJ Tkaczynski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tkaczynski, P. J. et al. Long-term repeatability in social behaviour suggests stable social phenotypes in wild chimpanzees. R. Soc. Open Sci. 7, 200454 (2020).","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"61450_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2016.10.017","volume":"123","author":"MB Blaszczyk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Blaszczyk, M. B. Boldness towards novel objects predicts predator inspection in wild vervet monkeys. Anim. Behav. 123, 91\u2013100 (2017).","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"61450_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/czoolo\/60.3.362","volume":"60","author":"AJ Pritchard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pritchard, A. J., Sheeran, L. K., Gabriel, K. I., Li, J.-H. & Wagner, R. S. Behaviors that predict personality components in adult free-ranging Tibetan macaques Macaca thibetana. Curr. Zool. 60, 362\u2013372 (2014).","journal-title":"Curr. Zool."},{"key":"61450_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2009.07.006","volume":"98","author":"AM Knab","year":"2009","unstructured":"Knab, A. M. et al. Repeatability of exercise behaviors in mice. Physiol. Behav. 98, 433\u2013440 (2009).","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"61450_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/eth.13037","volume":"126","author":"KN Rohrer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rohrer, K. N. & Ferkin, M. H. Long-term repeatability and stability of three personality traits in meadow voles. Ethology 126, 791\u2013802 (2020).","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"61450_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-017-1430-3","volume":"104","author":"AC Schuster","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schuster, A. C., Carl, T. & Foerster, K. Repeatability and consistency of individual behaviour in juvenile and adult Eurasian harvest mice. Sci. Nat. 104, 10 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Nat."},{"key":"61450_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2006.10.006","volume":"51","author":"S Kralj-Fi\u0161er","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kralj-Fi\u0161er, S., Scheiber, I. B. R., Blejec, A., Moestl, E. & Kotrschal, K. Individualities in a flock of free-roaming greylag geese: Behavioral and physiological consistency over time and across situations. Horm. Behav. 51, 239\u2013248 (2007).","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"61450_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105194","volume":"150","author":"K van Oers","year":"2023","unstructured":"van Oers, K., van den Heuvel, K. & Sepers, B. The epigenetics of animal personality. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 150, 105194 (2023).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"61450_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2011.01877.x","volume":"81","author":"NJ Dingemanse","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dingemanse, N. J. et al. Variation in personality and behavioural plasticity across four populations of the great tit Parus major. J. Anim. Ecol. 81, 116\u2013126 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"61450_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12807","DOI":"10.1111\/eff.12807","volume":"34","author":"NUK Pathirana","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pathirana, N. U. K., Gleiss, A., Beatty, S. J. & Lymbery, A. J. Identifying personality traits and behavioural syndromes in a threatened freshwater fish (Nannoperca vittata) through comparative analysis with a model species (Poecilia reticulata): Implications for conservation. Ecol. Freshw. Fish 34, e12807 (2025).","journal-title":"Ecol. Freshw. Fish"},{"key":"61450_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9952","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.9952","volume":"13","author":"R Beukeboom","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beukeboom, R., Phillips, J. S., \u00d3lafsd\u00f3ttir, G. \u00c1. & Benha\u00efm, D. Personality in juvenile Atlantic cod ecotypes and implications for fisheries management. Ecol. Evol. 13, e9952 (2023).","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"61450_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2023.02.010","volume":"199","author":"D Benha\u00efm","year":"2023","unstructured":"Benha\u00efm, D., Vernier, L. & Leblanc, C. A. Personality and temporal plasticity in fish populations along a gradient of evolutionary divergence. Anim. Behav. 199, 23\u201333 (2023).","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"61450_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/cz\/zoz039","volume":"66","author":"T Lucon-Xiccato","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lucon-Xiccato, T., Montalbano, G. & Bertolucci, C. Personality traits covary with individual differences in inhibitory abilities in 2 species of fish. Curr. Zool. 66, 187\u2013195 (2020).","journal-title":"Curr. Zool."},{"key":"61450_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2024.04.003","volume":"213","author":"KL Garner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Garner, K. L., Ryan, J. M., Tingle, J. L., Hickerson, C.-A.M. & Anthony, C. D. Covariation and repeatability of aggressive and risk-taking behaviours in a terrestrial salamander (Plethodon cinereus). Anim. Behav. 213, 1\u201310 (2024).","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"61450_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-018-2595-2","volume":"72","author":"AM Koenig","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koenig, A. M. & Ousterhout, B. H. Behavioral syndrome persists over metamorphosis in a pond-breeding amphibian. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 72, 184 (2018).","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"61450_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2021.01.025","volume":"174","author":"E Payne","year":"2021","unstructured":"Payne, E. et al. Consistent after all: Behavioural repeatability in a long-lived lizard across a 6-year field study. Anim. Behav. 174, 263\u2013277 (2021).","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"61450_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s10682-023-10232-w","volume":"37","author":"G Polverino","year":"2023","unstructured":"Polverino, G., Buchholz, K. M., Goulet, C. T., Michelangeli, M. & Chapple, D. G. Temporal repeatability of behaviour in a lizard: Implications for behavioural syndrome studies. Evol. Ecol. 37, 401\u2013418 (2023).","journal-title":"Evol. Ecol."},{"key":"61450_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4183","volume":"29","author":"KA Mather","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mather, K. A., Kwok, J. B., Armstrong, N. & Sachdev, P. S. The role of epigenetics in cognitive ageing. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 29, 1162\u20131171 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"61450_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11943","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1607601113","volume":"113","author":"GJ Berman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Berman, G. J., Bialek, W. & Shaevitz, J. W. Predictability and hierarchy in Drosophila behavior. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 113, 11943\u201311948 (2016).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"61450_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-016-2084-4","volume":"70","author":"A Walton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Walton, A. & Toth, A. L. Variation in individual worker honey bee behavior shows hallmarks of personality. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 70, 999\u20131010 (2016).","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"61450_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-016-2098-y","volume":"70","author":"Y Wexler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wexler, Y., Subach, A., Pruitt, J. N. & Scharf, I. Behavioral repeatability of flour beetles before and after metamorphosis and throughout aging. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 70, 745\u2013753 (2016).","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"61450_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.13576","volume":"33","author":"DN Fisher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fisher, D. N., Lichtenstein, J. L. L., Costa-Pereira, R., Yeager, J. & Pruitt, J. N. Assessing the repeatability, robustness to disturbance, and parent\u2013offspring colony resemblance of collective behavior. J. Evol. Biol. 33, 410\u2013421 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"61450_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1093\/cz\/zoac080","volume":"69","author":"L Hernandez Duran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hernandez Duran, L., Wilson, D. T. & Rymer, T. L. Exploring behavioral traits over different contexts in four species of Australian funnel-web spiders. Curr. Zool. 69, 766\u2013774 (2023).","journal-title":"Curr. Zool."},{"key":"61450_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-102220-011451","volume":"53","author":"KL Laskowski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Laskowski, K. L., Chang, C.-C., Sheehy, K. & Agui\u00f1aga, J. Consistent individual behavioral variation: What do we know and where are we going?. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 53, 161\u2013182 (2022).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"61450_CR25","first-page":"20212259","volume":"289","author":"A S\u00e1nchez-T\u00f3jar","year":"2022","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-T\u00f3jar, A., Moiron, M. & Niemel\u00e4, P. T. Terminology use in animal personality research: A self-report questionnaire and a systematic review. Proc. Biol. Sci. 289, 20212259 (2022).","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"61450_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecohyd.2024.01.002","author":"A Fudali","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fudali, A. & Pietrzak, B. Freshwater fish personalities in the Anthropocene. Ecohydrol. Hydrobiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecohyd.2024.01.002 (2024).","journal-title":"Ecohydrol. Hydrobiol."},{"key":"61450_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2012.05.001","volume":"27","author":"M Wolf","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wolf, M. & Weissing, F. J. Animal personalities: Consequences for ecology and evolution. Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 452\u2013461 (2012).","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"61450_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2008.04.003","volume":"23","author":"PA Biro","year":"2008","unstructured":"Biro, P. A. & Stamps, J. A. Are animal personality traits linked to life-history productivity?. Trends Ecol. Evol. 23, 361\u2013368 (2008).","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"61450_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2007.00010.x","volume":"82","author":"D R\u00e9ale","year":"2007","unstructured":"R\u00e9ale, D., Reader, S. M., Sol, D., McDougall, P. T. & Dingemanse, N. J. Integrating animal temperament within ecology and evolution. Biol. Rev. 82, 291\u2013318 (2007).","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"61450_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arm144","volume":"19","author":"BR Smith","year":"2008","unstructured":"Smith, B. R. & Blumstein, D. T. Fitness consequences of personality: A meta-analysis. Behav. Ecol. 19, 448\u2013455 (2008).","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"61450_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.2307\/1936675","volume":"62","author":"EE Werner","year":"1981","unstructured":"Werner, E. E., Mittelbach, G. G. & Hall, D. J. The role of foraging profitability and experience in habitat use by the bluegill sunfish. Ecology 62, 116\u2013125 (1981).","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"61450_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2004.04.009","volume":"19","author":"A Sih","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sih, A., Bell, A. & Johnson, J. C. Behavioral syndromes: An ecological and evolutionary overview. Trends Ecol. Evol. 19, 372\u2013378 (2004).","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"61450_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0216","volume":"367","author":"A Sih","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sih, A. & Del Giudice, M. Linking behavioural syndromes and cognition: A behavioural ecology perspective. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 367, 2762\u20132772 (2012).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"61450_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2011.01.009","volume":"26","author":"DI Bolnick","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bolnick, D. I. et al. Why intraspecific trait variation matters in community ecology. Trends Ecol. Evol. 26, 183\u2013192 (2011).","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"61450_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2022.08.002","volume":"37","author":"T Caspi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Caspi, T., Johnson, J. R., Lambert, M. R., Schell, C. J. & Sih, A. Behavioral plasticity can facilitate evolution in urban environments. Trends Ecol. Evol. 37, 1092\u20131103 (2022).","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"61450_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/35012234","volume":"405","author":"KS McCann","year":"2000","unstructured":"McCann, K. S. The diversity\u2013stability debate. Nature 405, 228\u2013233 (2000).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"61450_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s10682-008-9252-6","volume":"23","author":"RA Duckworth","year":"2009","unstructured":"Duckworth, R. A. The role of behavior in evolution: A search for mechanism. Evol. Ecol. 23, 513\u2013531 (2009).","journal-title":"Evol. Ecol."},{"key":"61450_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0241","volume":"366","author":"J Moya-Lara\u00f1o","year":"2011","unstructured":"Moya-Lara\u00f1o, J. Genetic variation, predator\u2013prey interactions and food web structure. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 366, 1425\u20131437 (2011).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"61450_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1235294","volume":"340","author":"J Freund","year":"2013","unstructured":"Freund, J. et al. Emergence of individuality in genetically identical mice. Science 340, 756\u2013759 (2013).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"61450_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6419","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34113-y","volume":"13","author":"KL Laskowski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Laskowski, K. L., Bierbach, D., Jolles, J. W., Doran, C. & Wolf, M. The emergence and development of behavioral individuality in clonal fish. Nat. Commun. 13, 6419 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"61450_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15361","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15361","volume":"8","author":"D Bierbach","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bierbach, D., Laskowski, K. L. & Wolf, M. Behavioural individuality in clonal fish arises despite near-identical rearing conditions. Nat. Commun. 8, 15361 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"61450_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2019.06.022","volume":"154","author":"JW Jolles","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jolles, J. W., Briggs, H. D., Araya-Ajoy, Y. G. & Boogert, N. J. Personality, plasticity and predictability in sticklebacks: Bold fish are less plastic and more predictable than shy fish. Anim. Behav. 154, 193\u2013202 (2019).","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"61450_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20538","volume":"53","author":"W Schuett","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schuett, W. et al. Personality variation in a clonal insect: The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Dev. Psychobiol. 53, 631\u2013640 (2011).","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"61450_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64988","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.64988","volume":"10","author":"Z Werkhoven","year":"2021","unstructured":"Werkhoven, Z. et al. The structure of behavioral variation within a genotype. Elife 10, e64988 (2021).","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"61450_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2009.01359.x","volume":"99","author":"WJEM Costa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Costa, W. J. E. M., Lima, S. M. Q. & Bartolette, R. Androdioecy in Kryptolebias killifish and the evolution of self-fertilizing hermaphroditism. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 99, 344\u2013349 (2010).","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"61450_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1139\/gen-2017-0188","volume":"61","author":"LSF Lins","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lins, L. S. F. et al. Whole-genome sequencing reveals the extent of heterozygosity in a preferentially self-fertilizing hermaphroditic vertebrate. Genome 61, 241\u2013247 (2018).","journal-title":"Genome"},{"key":"61450_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2012.20556.x","volume":"122","author":"M Edenbrow","year":"2013","unstructured":"Edenbrow, M. & Croft, D. P. Environmental and genetic effects shape the development of personality traits in the mangrove killifish Kryptolebias marmoratus. Oikos 122, 667\u2013681 (2013).","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"61450_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2011.07.003","volume":"82","author":"M Edenbrow","year":"2011","unstructured":"Edenbrow, M. & Croft, D. P. Behavioural types and life history strategies during ontogeny in the mangrove killifish, Kryptolebias marmoratus. Anim. Behav. 82, 731\u2013741 (2011).","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"61450_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23565","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023565","volume":"6","author":"SJ Dahlbom","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dahlbom, S. J., Lagman, D., Lundstedt-Enkel, K., Sundstr\u00f6m, L. F. & Winberg, S. Boldness predicts social status in zebrafish (Danio rerio). PLoS ONE 6, e23565 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"61450_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00248","volume":"13","author":"A Mustafa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mustafa, A., Roman, E. & Winberg, S. Boldness in male and female zebrafish (Danio rerio) is dependent on strain and test. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 13, 248 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"61450_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2025.12.001","volume":"83","author":"IdeC Travnik","year":"2026","unstructured":"Travnik, IdeC. et al. Personality or temperament? The answer depends on animal settings and on moral considerations. J. Vet. Behav. 83, 69\u201382 (2026).","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"61450_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2008.12.022","volume":"77","author":"AM Bell","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bell, A. M., Hankison, S. J. & Laskowski, K. L. The repeatability of behaviour: A meta-analysis. Anim. Behav. 77, 771\u2013783 (2009).","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"61450_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2016.08.008","volume":"12","author":"JA Stamps","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stamps, J. A. & Biro, P. A. Personality and individual differences in plasticity. Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci. 12, 18\u201323 (2016).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"61450_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2012.02.017","volume":"83","author":"JA Stamps","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stamps, J. A., Briffa, M. & Biro, P. A. Unpredictable animals: Individual differences in intraindividual variability (IIV). Anim. Behav. 83, 1325\u20131334 (2012).","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"61450_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12186","volume":"91","author":"JA Stamps","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stamps, J. A. Individual differences in behavioural plasticities. Biol. Rev. 91, 534\u2013567 (2016).","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"61450_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2009.00103.x","volume":"85","author":"J Stamps","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stamps, J. & Groothuis, T. G. G. The development of animal personality: Relevance, concepts and perspectives. Biol. Rev. 85, 301\u2013325 (2010).","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"61450_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2021.01.003","volume":"173","author":"D Cabrera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cabrera, D., Nilsson, J. R. & Griffen, B. D. The development of animal personality across ontogeny: A cross-species review. Anim. Behav. 173, 137\u2013144 (2021).","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"61450_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2013.09.016","volume":"86","author":"MB Petelle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Petelle, M. B., McCoy, D. E., Alejandro, V., Martin, J. G. A. & Blumstein, D. T. Development of boldness and docility in yellow-bellied marmots. Anim. Behav. 86, 1147\u20131154 (2013).","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"61450_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20522","volume":"53","author":"HG R\u00f6del","year":"2011","unstructured":"R\u00f6del, H. G. & Meyer, S. Early development influences ontogeny of personality types in young laboratory rats. Dev. Psychobiol. 53, 601\u2013613 (2011).","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"61450_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2014.01.032","volume":"90","author":"A Guenther","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guenther, A., Finkemeier, M.-A. & Trillmich, F. The ontogeny of personality in the wild guinea pig. Anim. Behav. 90, 131\u2013139 (2014).","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"61450_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-9994-12-S1-S9","volume":"12","author":"Y Wuerz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wuerz, Y. & Kr\u00fcger, O. Personality over ontogeny in zebra finches: Long-term repeatable traits but unstable behavioural syndromes. Front. Zool. 12, S9 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Zool."},{"key":"61450_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s10164-018-0551-2","volume":"36","author":"O Sakai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sakai, O. Comparison of personality between juveniles and adults in clonal gecko species. J. Ethol. 36, 221\u2013228 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Ethol."},{"key":"61450_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arq024","volume":"21","author":"R Sch\u00fcrch","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcrch, R. & Heg, D. Life history and behavioral type in the highly social cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher. Behav. Ecol. 21, 588\u2013598 (2010).","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"61450_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-014-1692-0","volume":"68","author":"K Boulton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Boulton, K., Grimmer, A. J., Rosenthal, G. G., Walling, C. A. & Wilson, A. J. How stable are personalities? A multivariate view of behavioural variation over long and short timescales in the sheepshead swordtail, Xiphophorus birchmanni. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 68, 791\u2013803 (2014).","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"61450_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2007.05.008","volume":"75","author":"DL Sinn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sinn, D. L., Gosling, S. D. & Moltschaniwskyj, N. A. Development of shy\/bold behaviour in squid: Context-specific phenotypes associated with developmental plasticity. Anim. Behav. 75, 433\u2013442 (2008).","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"61450_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-019-2645-4","volume":"73","author":"B Parthasarathy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Parthasarathy, B., Joshi, C. H., Kalyadan, S. S. & Somanathan, H. Early ontogenic emergence of personality and its long-term persistence in a social spider. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 73, 35 (2019).","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"61450_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1111\/eth.12639","volume":"123","author":"JM Bosco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bosco, J. M., Riechert, S. E. & O\u2019Meara, B. C. The ontogeny of personality traits in the desert funnel-web spider, Agelenopsis lisa (Araneae: Agelenidae). Ethology 123, 648\u2013658 (2017).","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"61450_CR68","unstructured":"Chapelle, V. Adaptation and evolution with low genetic diversity: A combined field and laboratory study on DNA methylation variation in the mangrove rivulus Kryptolebias marmoratus (2023)."},{"key":"61450_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.127399","volume":"218","author":"MW Wells","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wells, M. W., Turko, A. J. & Wright, P. A. Fish embryos on land: Terrestrial embryo deposition lowers oxygen uptake without altering growth or survival in the amphibious fish Kryptolebias marmoratus. J. Exp. Biol. 218, 3249\u20133256 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"61450_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007627411492","volume":"59","author":"Y Sakakura","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sakakura, Y. & Noakes, D. L. G. Age, growth, and sexual development in the self-fertilizing hermaphroditic fish Rivulus marmoratus. Environ. Biol. Fishes 59, 309\u2013317 (2000).","journal-title":"Environ. Biol. Fishes"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61450-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61450-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61450-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:03:06Z","timestamp":1791504186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61450-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["61450"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-61450-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"31568"}}