{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T12:01:06Z","timestamp":1784721666686,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2026R456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2026R456"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-61499-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T08:55:56Z","timestamp":1783760156000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Designing a chimeric multi-epitope vaccine against Candida auris using reverse vaccinology approach targeting the agglutinin-like protein N-terminal domain"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Maha A.","family":"Aljumaa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled","family":"Alzhrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deema","family":"Fallatah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaza N.","family":"Alkhatib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan Abdulrahman","family":"Sagini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omniah A.","family":"Mansouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghulam","family":"Nabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gebreselema","family":"Gebreyohannes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"61499_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10111144","volume":"10","author":"JF Borgio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Borgio, J. F. et al. Emerging status of multidrug-resistant bacteria and fungi in the Arabian Peninsula. Biology 10, 1144 (2021).","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"61499_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001318","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001318","volume":"70","author":"A Chakrabarti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chakrabarti, A. & Sood, P. On the emergence, spread and resistance of Candida auris: host, pathogen and environmental tipping points. J. Med. Microbiol. 70, 001318 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"61499_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13739","volume":"1435","author":"J Geddes-McAlister","year":"2019","unstructured":"Geddes-McAlister, J. & Shapiro, R. S. New pathogens, new tricks: emerging, drug\u2010resistant fungal pathogens and future prospects for antifungal therapeutics. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1435, 57\u201378 (2019).","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"61499_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1179","volume":"3","author":"JB Anderson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Anderson, J. B. Evolution of antifungal-drug resistance: mechanisms and pathogen fitness. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 3, 547\u2013556 (2005).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"61499_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00720-1","volume":"20","author":"MC Fisher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fisher, M. C. et al. Tackling the emerging threat of antifungal resistance to human health. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 20, 557\u2013571 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"61499_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2016.00011","volume":"3","author":"D Sanglard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sanglard, D. Emerging threats in antifungal-resistant fungal pathogens. Front. Med. 3, 11 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"61499_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moxon, R., Reche, P. A. & Rappuoli, R. Vol. 10 2776 (Frontiers Media SA, 2019).","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02776"},{"key":"61499_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12046","volume":"1285","author":"C Donati","year":"2013","unstructured":"Donati, C. & Rappuoli, R. Reverse vaccinology in the 21st century: improvements over the original design. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1285, 115\u2013132 (2013).","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"61499_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D204","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku989","volume":"43","author":"TU Consortium","year":"2014","unstructured":"Consortium, T. U. UniProt: a hub for protein information. Nucleic Acids Res. 43, D204\u2013D212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gku989 (2014).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"61499_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-8-4","volume":"8","author":"IA Doytchinova","year":"2007","unstructured":"Doytchinova, I. A. & Flower, D. R. VaxiJen: a server for prediction of protective antigens, tumour antigens and subunit vaccines. BMC Bioinform. 8, 4 (2007).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"key":"61499_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1007\/s00894-014-2278-5","volume":"20","author":"I Dimitrov","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dimitrov, I., Bangov, I., Flower, D. R. & Doytchinova, I. AllerTOP v. 2\u2014a server for in silico prediction of allergens. J. Mol. Model. 20, 2278 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Model."},{"key":"61499_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W402","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz297","volume":"47","author":"DW Buchan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Buchan, D. W. & Jones, D. T. The PSIPRED protein analysis workbench: 20 years on. Nucleic Acids Res. 47, W402\u2013W407 (2019).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"61499_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D339","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1006","volume":"47","author":"R Vita","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vita, R. et al. The immune epitope database (IEDB): 2018 update. Nucleic Acids Res. 47, D339\u2013D343 (2019).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"61499_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.6026\/97320630006255","volume":"6","author":"N Misra","year":"2011","unstructured":"Misra, N., Panda, P. K., Shah, K., Sukla, L. B. & Chaubey, P. Population coverage analysis of T-Cell epitopes of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B from Iron acquisition proteins for vaccine design. Bioinformation 6, 255 (2011).","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"key":"61499_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.04.010","volume":"14","author":"M Naveed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Naveed, M. et al. Design of a novel multiple epitope-based vaccine: An immunoinformatics approach to combat SARS-CoV-2 strains. J. Infect. Public Health. 14, 938\u2013946 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"61499_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacun.2025.500490","volume":"27","author":"H Barua","year":"2026","unstructured":"Barua, H. et al. Developing a novel multi-epitope subunit vaccine to combat monkeypox virus through an immunoinformatics approach. Vacunas 27, 500490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vacun.2025.500490 (2026).","journal-title":"Vacunas"},{"key":"61499_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp386","volume":"25","author":"CN Magnan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Magnan, C. N., Randall, A. & Baldi, P. SOLpro: accurate sequence-based prediction of protein solubility. Bioinformatics 25, 2200\u20132207 (2009).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"61499_CR18","first-page":"1320","volume":"65","author":"R Azimi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Azimi, R., Ozgul, M., Kenney, M. C. & Kuppermann, B. D. Bioinformatic analysis of small humanin like peptides using AlfaFold-2 and Expasy ProtParam. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 65, 1320\u20131320 (2024).","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"61499_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W287","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae328","volume":"52","author":"DW Buchan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Buchan, D. W., Moffat, L., Lau, A., Kandathil, S. M. & Jones, D. T. Deep learning for the PSIPRED protein analysis workbench. Nucleic Acids Res. 52, W287\u2013W293 (2024).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"61499_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D387","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn750","volume":"37","author":"F Kiefer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kiefer, F., Arnold, K., K\u00fcnzli, M., Bordoli, L. & Schwede, T. The SWISS-MODEL Repository and associated resources. Nucleic Acids Res. 37, D387\u2013D392 (2009).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"61499_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889892009944","volume":"26","author":"RA Laskowski","year":"1993","unstructured":"Laskowski, R. A., MacArthur, M. W., Moss, D. S. & Thornton, J. M. PROCHECK: a program to check the stereochemical quality of protein structures. Appl. Crystallogr. 26, 283\u2013291 (1993).","journal-title":"Appl. Crystallogr."},{"key":"61499_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.169","volume":"12","author":"D Kozakov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kozakov, D. et al. The ClusPro web server for protein\u2013protein docking. Nat. Protoc. 12, 255\u2013278 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"61499_CR23","first-page":"82","volume":"40","author":"WL DeLano","year":"2002","unstructured":"DeLano, W. L. & Pymol An open-source molecular graphics tool. CCP4 Newsl. Protein crystallogr. 40, 82\u201392 (2002).","journal-title":"CCP4 Newsl. protein crystallogr."},{"key":"61499_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-26139-1","volume":"15","author":"MN Mashrur","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mashrur, M. N. et al. In silico design of novel multi-epitope peptide vaccine against Neospora caninum induced cattle abortion targeting extracellular GRA2 and Nc-p43 protein. Sci. Rep. 15, 42169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-26139-1 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"61499_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2025.106635","volume":"184","author":"MA Mbock","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mbock, M. A. et al. Safety assessment of Detarium microcarpum Guil. & Perr. (Leguminosae) root bark extract in rats: Acute, sub-acute toxicity, ADMET, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations approach. Fitoterapia 184, 106635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fitote.2025.106635 (2025).","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"61499_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.24870\/cjb.2017-a11","volume":"1","author":"P Bhole","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bhole, P., Lokhande, K. B., Nagar, S. & Swamy, K. V. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies of DHFR inhibitors in Plasmodium falciparum. Can. J. Biotechnol. 1, 23 (2017).","journal-title":"Can. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"61499_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3923","volume":"30","author":"BJ Grant","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grant, B. J., Skjaerven, L. & Yao, X. Q. The Bio3D packages for structural bioinformatics. Protein Sci. 30, 20\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pro.3923 (2021).","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"61499_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacun.2025.500461","volume":"26","author":"MN Mashrur","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mashrur, M. N. et al. Development of a novel multi-epitope vaccine candidate for Marburg virus applying advanced immunoinformatics strategies: A computational analysis. Vacunas 26, 500461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vacun.2025.500461 (2025).","journal-title":"Vacunas"},{"key":"61499_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W271","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku339","volume":"42","author":"JR L\u00f3pez-Blanco","year":"2014","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Blanco, J. R., Aliaga, J. I., Quintana-Ort\u00ed, E. S. & Chac\u00f3n, P. iMODS: internal coordinates normal mode analysis server. Nucleic Acids Res. 42, W271\u2013W276 (2014).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"61499_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-0509-7-95","volume":"7","author":"S Palsson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Palsson, S. et al. The development of a fully-integrated immune response model (FIRM) simulator of the immune response through integration of multiple subset models. BMC Syst. Biol. 7, 95 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Syst. Biol."},{"key":"61499_CR31","unstructured":"Rice, P. M., Rice, P. M., Bleasby, A. J. & Ison, J. C. EMBOSS User\u2019s Guide: Practical Bioinformatics with EMBOSS. (Cambridge University Press, 2011)."},{"key":"61499_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W526","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki376","volume":"33","author":"A Grote","year":"2005","unstructured":"Grote, A. et al. JCat: a novel tool to adapt codon usage of a target gene to its potential expression host. Nucleic Acids Res. 33, W526\u2013W531 (2005).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"61499_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2004.06.006","volume":"34","author":"V Brusic","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brusic, V., Bajic, V. B. & Petrovsky, N. Computational methods for prediction of T-cell epitopes\u2014a framework for modelling, testing, and applications. Methods 34, 436\u2013443 (2004).","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"61499_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0285177","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285177","volume":"18","author":"S Mahmoodi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mahmoodi, S., Amirzakaria, J. Z. & Ghasemian, A. In silico design and validation of a novel multi-epitope vaccine candidate against structural proteins of Chikungunya virus using comprehensive immunoinformatics analyses. Plos one. 18, e0285177 (2023).","journal-title":"Plos one"},{"key":"61499_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2019.06.004","volume":"46","author":"N Hajighahramani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hajighahramani, N. et al. Computational design of a chimeric epitope-based vaccine to protect against Staphylococcus aureus infections. Mol. Cell Probes. 46, 101414 (2019).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Probes"},{"key":"61499_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2165\/00063030-200721030-00002","volume":"21","author":"JM Gershoni","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gershoni, J. M., Roitburd-Berman, A., Siman-Tov, D. D., Freund, N. T. & Weiss, Y. Epitope mapping: the first step in developing epitope-based vaccines. BioDrugs 21, 145\u2013156 (2007).","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"61499_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-005-0803-5","volume":"57","author":"B Peters","year":"2005","unstructured":"Peters, B. et al. The design and implementation of the immune epitope database and analysis resource. Immunogenetics 57, 326\u2013336 (2005).","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"61499_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0287416","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287416","volume":"18","author":"AT Moin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moin, A. T. et al. An immunoinformatics and extended molecular dynamics approach for designing a polyvalent vaccine against multiple strains of Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV). PLoS One. 18, e0287416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0287416 (2023).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"61499_CR39","unstructured":"Sahni, R. Species-Specific Prediction of B Cell Epitopes. (2025)."},{"key":"61499_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-082119-124838","volume":"38","author":"B Peters","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peters, B., Nielsen, M. & Sette A. T cell epitope predictions. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 38, 123\u2013145 (2020).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"61499_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00442","volume":"11","author":"AS De Groot","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Groot, A. S. et al. Better epitope discovery, precision immune engineering, and accelerated vaccine design using immunoinformatics tools. Front. Immunol. 11, 442 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"61499_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-019-0125-5","volume":"4","author":"DF Zeigler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zeigler, D. F., Gage, E., Roque, R. & Clegg, C. H. Epitope targeting with self-assembled peptide vaccines. npj Vaccines. 4, 30 (2019).","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"61499_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18111632","volume":"18","author":"AA Noman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Noman, A. A. et al. Computational development of multi-epitope reovirus vaccine with potent predicted binding to TLR2 and TLR4. Pharmaceuticals 18, 1632 (2025).","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"61499_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24504","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75527-6","volume":"14","author":"S Yadav","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yadav, S. et al. Investigate the binding of pesticides with the TLR4 receptor protein found in mammals and zebrafish using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Sci. Rep. 14, 24504 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61499-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61499-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61499-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T11:03:47Z","timestamp":1784718227000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61499-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["61499"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-61499-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"22954"}}