{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T15:21:07Z","timestamp":1794324067001,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this work, Al (1%) and Ca (5%) co-doped ZnO (ACZO) nanopowders were successfully synthesized using a modified sol\u2013gel method combined with supercritical ethanol drying followed by thermal annealing. X-ray diffraction confirmed that all samples crystallize in the hexagonal wurtzite structure, with a reduction of the crystallite size from 52\u00a0nm for pure ZnO to 29\u00a0nm for ACZO due to lattice distortion induced by co-doping. SEM and EDS analyses revealed a porous morphology and a homogeneous distribution of Al and Ca within the ZnO matrix. Electrical measurements showed a clear thermally activated semiconducting behaviour, with conductivity following Jonscher\u2019s universal power law and improved charge transport in the co-doped sample compared to undoped ZnO. The activation energy extracted from DC conductivity (112\u2009\u00b1\u20095 meV) and from modulus relaxation (96\u2009\u00b1\u20095 meV) are very close, confirming that both conduction and relaxation arise from the same hopping mechanism of localized charge carriers. Impedance, Nyquist, dielectric and modulus analyses all demonstrate that Al\u2013Ca co-doping reduces grain boundary resistance, enhances carrier mobility, and improves dielectric response. These results highlight the effectiveness of dual doping in tuning the structural and electrical properties of ZnO for potential applications in electronic, sensing, and energy devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-61523-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T17:44:07Z","timestamp":1784915047000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Al\u2013Ca co-doped ZnO nanostructures for enhanced electrical and dielectric properties"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nouf Ahmed","family":"Althumairi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imen","family":"Hammami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Soltani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Marzougui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. A.","family":"El-Kasaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mokhtar","family":"Hjiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majdi","family":"Benamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Soreto","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. P. F.","family":"Gra\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel Almeida","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"61523_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.3390\/catal12111386","volume":"12","author":"Y Khan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan, Y. et al. Classification, synthetic, and characterization approaches to nanoparticles, and their applications in various fields of nanotechnology: a review. Catalysts 12 (11), 1386 (2022).","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"issue":"9","key":"61523_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2006.00195.x","volume":"71","author":"J Weiss","year":"2006","unstructured":"Weiss, J., Takhistov, P. & McClements, D. J. Functional materials in food nanotechnology. J. Food Sci. 71 (9), R107\u2013R116 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"61523_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S. et al. A Comprehensive Review on ZnO Wide-Bandgap Semiconductors: Materials Engineering, Properties, and Emerging Applications. Results Materials, 30, 100929. (2026).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinma.2026.100929"},{"issue":"9","key":"61523_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2500017","DOI":"10.1002\/aesr.202500017","volume":"6","author":"C Jin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jin, C., Zhou, J., Wu, Z. & Zhang, J. X. Doped Zinc Oxide-Based Piezoelectric Devices for Energy Harvesting and Sensing. Adv. Energy Sustain. Res. 6 (9), 2500017 (2025).","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Sustain. Res."},{"key":"61523_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alamgeer, Rehan, S. et al. Zinc oxide nanostructures in photovoltaics: Recent progress, technical challenges and perspectives. Chem. Record, 26(1), 2500142. (2026).","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.202500142"},{"key":"61523_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saeed, M., Marwani, H. M., Shahzad, U., Asiri, A. M. & Rahman, M. M. Recent advances, challenges, and future perspectives of ZnO nanostructure materials towards energy applications. Chem. Record, 24(1), 202300106. (2024).","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.202300106"},{"key":"61523_CR7","first-page":"3028","volume":"49","author":"D K Sharma","year":"2022","unstructured":"K Sharma, D., Shukla, S., K Sharma, K. & Kumar, V. A review on ZnO: Fundamental properties and applications. Mater. Today: Proc. 49, 3028\u20133035 (2022).","journal-title":"Mater. Today: Proc."},{"issue":"15","key":"61523_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3815","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TC00172C","volume":"6","author":"FX Liang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liang, F. X. et al. Recent advances in the fabrication of graphene\u2013ZnO heterojunctions for optoelectronic device applications. J. Mater. Chem. C. 6 (15), 3815\u20133833 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"issue":"12","key":"61523_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11664-024-11445-7","volume":"53","author":"J Singh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singh, J., Bhardwaj, P., Kumar, R. & Verma, V. Progress in developing highly efficient p-type TCOs for transparent electronics: a comprehensive review. J. Electron. Mater. 53 (12), 7179\u20137210 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Electron. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"61523_CR10","first-page":"1004","volume":"1","author":"DSY Jayathilake","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jayathilake, D. S. Y. & Peiris, T. N. Overview on transparent conducting oxides and state of the art of low-cost doped ZnO systems. SF J. Mater. Chem. Eng. 1 (1), 1004 (2018).","journal-title":"SF J. Mater. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"61523_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2023.111201","volume":"156","author":"S Alshehri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alshehri, S., Al-Shehri, S., Ali, H., Hassaneen, A. A. D. & Aida, M. S. Properties of calcium doped ZnO nanoparticles prepared by hydrothermal technique. Inorg. Chem. Commun. 156, 111201 (2023).","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"61523_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2025.179291","volume":"1020","author":"H Mahdhi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mahdhi, H. et al. Impact of calcium doping on the properties of ZnO thin films: A structural and optical analysis. J. Alloys Compd. 1020, 179291 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"issue":"1","key":"61523_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28296-7","volume":"13","author":"NAF Mohamed Saadon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohamed Saadon, N. A. F., Taib, N. I., Loy, C. W. & Mohamed, Z. Role of Ca2+ doping on the enhancement of dielectric properties of Sr2\u2013xCaxNiWO6 for energy storage device application. Sci. Rep. 13 (1), 1246 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"11","key":"61523_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-03662-6","volume":"2","author":"U Coleto Jr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coleto, U. Jr et al. Correlation of photocatalytic activity and defects generated in Ca2+-based heterojunctions. SN Appl. Sci. 2 (11), 1849 (2020).","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"61523_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z. et al. La3+\/Al3+ co-doping effects on orthorhombic distortion and dielectric properties of (Ca, Sr)(Zr, Ti)O3 perovskites ceramic. Journal Eur. Ceramic Society, 46(9), 118165. (2026).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2026.118165"},{"issue":"14","key":"61523_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2023.04.138","volume":"49","author":"J Boonlakhorn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Boonlakhorn, J., Suksangrat, P., Thongbai, P. & Srepusharawoot, P. Improving dielectric properties of (Zn2+, Al3+) Co-doped CaCu3Ti4O12 perovskite ceramics by enhancing the grain boundary response. Ceram. Int. 49 (14), 23099\u201323109 (2023).","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"issue":"14","key":"61523_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3373","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29143373","volume":"29","author":"Z Luo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luo, Z. et al. Preparation and application of co-doped zinc oxide: a review. Molecules 29 (14), 3373 (2024).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"10","key":"61523_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.3390\/mi16101179","volume":"16","author":"M Gartner","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gartner, M., Chelu, M., Szekeres, A. & Petrik, P. Towards Advanced Materials: Functional Perspectives of Co-Doped ZnO Thin Films. Micromachines 16 (10), 1179 (2025).","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"issue":"28","key":"61523_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22730","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA02746B","volume":"15","author":"NC Hien","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hien, N. C. et al. Simulation, synthesis, and characterization of Ni\u2013Co and its co-doping in ZnO for energy applications. RSC Adv. 15 (28), 22730\u201322744 (2025).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"3","key":"61523_CR20","first-page":"231","volume":"17","author":"NF Hamedani","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hamedani, N. F. & Farzaneh, F. Synthesis of ZnO nanocrystals with hexagonal (Wurtzite) structure in water using microwave irradiation. J. Sci. Islamic Repub. Iran. 17 (3), 231\u2013234 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Sci. Islamic Repub. Iran."},{"issue":"8","key":"61523_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"085057","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ab1c21","volume":"6","author":"M Hessien","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hessien, M., Da\u2019na, E., Al-Amer, K. & Khalaf, M. M. Nano ZnO (hexagonal wurtzite) of different shapes under various conditions: fabrication and characterization. Mater. Res. Express. 6 (8), 085057 (2019).","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"issue":"26","key":"61523_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-025-15733-8","volume":"36","author":"G Anitha","year":"2025","unstructured":"Anitha, G., Pavithra, G. & Geetha, D. Tailoring ZnAl2O4 properties through divalent metal ions (Cu2+, Mg2+, & Mn2+) incorporation: a study on dielectric and photocatalytic enhancement. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 36 (26), 1672 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron."},{"issue":"3","key":"61523_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-014-3550-y","volume":"72","author":"MAP Almeida","year":"2014","unstructured":"Almeida, M. A. P. et al. Effect of Zn2+ ions on the structure, morphology and optical properties of CaWO4 microcrystals. J. Solgel Sci. Technol. 72 (3), 648\u2013654 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Solgel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"61523_CR24","first-page":"207027","volume":"199","author":"Q Bautista","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bautista, Q., Benamara, M., Zhao, S., G\u00f3mez, E. & Serra, A. Efficient organic pollutant mineralization via PMS-sonophotocatalysis with doped-ZnO-CNT aerogels. Appl. Catal. O: Open. 199, 207027 (2025).","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. O: Open."},{"key":"61523_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.142127","volume":"357","author":"R Bujald\u00f3n","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bujald\u00f3n, R., Benamara, M., Dhahri, R., G\u00f3mez, E. & Serr\u00e0, A. Attuning doped ZnO-based composites for an effective light-driven mineralization of pharmaceuticals via PMS activation. Chemosphere 357, 142127 (2024).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"16","key":"61523_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1080\/02670836.2023.2197349","volume":"39","author":"R Dash","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dash, R., Kumari, N., Jana, S. & Bhattacharyya, A. S. Reverse strain effects in the defect states in aluminium doped ZnO. Mater. Sci. Technol. 39 (16), 2269\u20132276 (2023).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"10","key":"61523_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1968.tb13320.x","volume":"51","author":"RC Garvie","year":"1968","unstructured":"Garvie, R. C. The cubic field in the system CaO-ZrO2. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 51 (10), 553\u2013556 (1968).","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"issue":"14","key":"61523_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R57","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/32\/14\/201","volume":"32","author":"AK Jonscher","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jonscher, A. K. Dielectric relaxation in solids. J. Phys. D. 32 (14), R57\u2013R70 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Phys. D"},{"key":"61523_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gra\u00e7a, M. P. F., da Silva, M. F., Sombra, A. S. B. & Valente, M. A. Electrical characterization of SiO2:LiNbO3 glass and glass\u2013ceramics using dc conductivity, TSDC measurements and dielectric spectroscopy. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 353, 4390\u20134394 (2007).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2007.03.033"},{"issue":"48","key":"61523_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23675","DOI":"10.1039\/D5TC03750F","volume":"13","author":"I Jahan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jahan, I., Arellano, J. D. & Shi, Z. Carrier transport mechanisms in polycrystalline semiconductors: from grain boundary physics to device performance. J. Mater. Chem. C. 13 (48), 23675\u201323695 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"issue":"2","key":"61523_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-022-09470-5","volume":"34","author":"H Saadi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saadi, H. et al. Enhancing the electrical conductivity and the dielectric features of ZnO nanoparticles through Co doping effect for energy storage applications. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 34 (2), 116 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron."},{"issue":"2","key":"61523_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"025102","DOI":"10.1088\/2752-5724\/adbcc9","volume":"4","author":"MS Sharif","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sharif, M. S. et al. Redefining electrolyte efficiency: bridging the gap with a systematic samarium\u2013copper co-doping approach for optimized conductivity in advanced semiconductor ionic fuel cell. Mater. Futures. 4 (2), 025102 (2025).","journal-title":"Mater. Futures"},{"issue":"4","key":"61523_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2023.11.357","volume":"50","author":"Y Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Wan, X. & Zheng, J. Na\/W co-doping enhances the electrochemical performance of Li-rich Mn-based cathode through improved electronic conductivity and promoted cationic migration. Ceram. Int. 50 (4), 6289\u20136298 (2024).","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"61523_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physb.2007.03.009","volume":"396","author":"M. P. F. Gra\u00e7a","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gra\u00e7a, M. P. F., da Silva, M. F., Sombra, A. S. B. & Valente, M. A. Electric and dielectric properties of a SiO2\u2013Na2O\u2013Nb2O5 glass subject to a controlled heat-treatment process. Physica B: Condens. Matter 396, 62\u201369 (2007).","journal-title":"Physica B: Condens. Matter"},{"key":"61523_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physb.2024.416211","volume":"690","author":"A Jain","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jain, A. et al. Investigating grain and grain boundary effects on charge transport and dielectrics in BaCoxAlxFe12\u20132xO19 nanoferrites. Phys. B: Condens. Matter. 690, 416211 (2024).","journal-title":"Phys. B: Condens. Matter"},{"key":"61523_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafi, M. et al. Structural, impedance and dielectric characteristics of chemically synthesized ellipsoidal-shaped ZnO nanostructures: effect of temperature on electroactive regions. Ceramics International. (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2025.09.076"},{"key":"61523_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benamara, M., Moussa, S. B., Jbeli, A., Althumairi, N. A., Aldukhayel, A. M., Teixeira,S. S., \u2026 Valente, M. A. (2025). Morphology-Engineered ZnO Nanostructures: Synergistic Role of Nanosheets and Nanorods in Enhancing Electrical and Dielectric Properties for Advanced Composite Applications. Ceramics International.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2025.11.278"},{"issue":"35","key":"61523_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-025-16315-4","volume":"36","author":"AI Ali","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ali, A. I. et al. K+ doping and sintering synergistically tune defects, size, and non-Debye dielectric relaxation in ZnO nanoparticles for electronic applications. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 36 (35), 2249 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron."},{"issue":"3","key":"61523_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"035911","DOI":"10.1088\/1402-4896\/adafe6","volume":"100","author":"I Massoudi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Massoudi, I. Highly tunning of dielectric and photocatalytic properties of crystalline ZnO semiconductor: functionality of Ba additives. Phys. Scr. 100 (3), 035911 (2025).","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"issue":"42","key":"61523_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21460","DOI":"10.1039\/D5TC02728D","volume":"13","author":"P Elorika","year":"2025","unstructured":"Elorika, P., Barik, S. K., Nayak, B., Anwar, S. & Anwar, S. Excitation-dependent photoluminescence, conduction mechanisms via impedance spectroscopy, and DRT investigations in Al-doped ZnO ceramics. J. Mater. Chem. C. 13 (42), 21460\u201321480 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"issue":"5","key":"61523_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4015","DOI":"10.1007\/s11664-025-11759-0","volume":"54","author":"K Omri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Omri, K. et al. Structural, electric modulus, complex impedance, and conductivity analysis of Ca-ZnO nanostructured for optoelectronic applications. J. Electron. Mater. 54 (5), 4015\u20134025 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"61523_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benamara, M., Zahmouli, N., Aldukhayel, A. M., Moussa, S. B., Jbeli, A., Teixeira,S. S., \u2026 Valente, M. A. (2025). Structurally Disordered \u03b3-Fe\u2082O\u2083\u2013TiO\u2082 Nanocomposites with Enhanced Magnetodielectric Response for Low-Frequency Functional Applications. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 184407.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2025.184407"},{"key":"61523_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benamara, M., Hjiri, M., Jbeli, A., Moussa, S. B., Althumairi, N. A., Aldukhayel,A. M., \u2026 Dhahri, E. (2025). Tailoring electrical and dielectric properties of ZnO thin films via oxygen vacancy engineering: evidence from impedance and spectroscopic analyses. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 115401.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2025.115401"},{"issue":"9","key":"61523_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807672","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201807672","volume":"29","author":"W Ouyang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ouyang, W., Teng, F., He, J. H. & Fang, X. Enhancing the photoelectric performance of photodetectors based on metal oxide semiconductors by charge-carrier engineering. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29 (9), 1807672 (2019).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"61523_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hjiri, M., Soltani, S., Jbeli, A., Althumairi, N. A., Aldukhayel, A. M., Benamara,M., \u2026 Valente, M. A. (2025). Tailoring Gd substitution in iron oxide (GdxFe2\u2013xO3, x\u2009=\u20090\u20130.1) via the sol\u2013gel method for enhanced structural stability and reduced dielectric loss in energy storage applications. Indian Journal of Physics, 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12648-025-03739-1"},{"issue":"8","key":"61523_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"085203","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ac1d17","volume":"8","author":"S Ojha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ojha, S., Ali, M. S., Roy, M. & Bhattacharya, S. Hopping frequency and conductivity relaxation of promising chalcogenides: AC conductivity and dielectric relaxation approaches. Mater. Res. Express. 8 (8), 085203 (2021).","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"issue":"7","key":"61523_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15070534","volume":"15","author":"M Hjiri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hjiri, M. et al. Tunable electrical properties of cobalt-doped maghemite nanoparticles for advanced resistive and thermistor applications. Nanomaterials 15 (7), 534 (2025).","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"issue":"7","key":"61523_CR48","first-page":"1449","volume":"28","author":"L Hamel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hamel, L. & Rosales-Anzola, S. D. Calculation Method For The Relaxation Time Spectra Of Viscoelastic Fluids Using Dynamic Moduli. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. 28 (7), 1449\u20131461 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"61523_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physb.2021.412870","volume":"608","author":"YI Moon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moon, Y. I., Jung, J. K., Kim, G. H. & Chung, K. S. Observation of the relaxation process in fluoroelastomers by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. Phys. B: Condens. Matter. 608, 412870 (2021).","journal-title":"Phys. B: Condens. Matter"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61523-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61523-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61523-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T12:42:00Z","timestamp":1786970520000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61523-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["61523"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-61523-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"25701"}}