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Cumulative exposure was defined as reporting loneliness or social isolation at two time points (0, 1, or 2 times). In CHARLS (median follow-up: loneliness 4.90 years, social isolation 4.89 years; incident glaucoma cases: loneliness 185, social isolation 221), one-time loneliness (HR 1.49; 95% CI 1.01\u20132.20) and two-time loneliness (HR 1.99; 95% CI 1.39\u20132.86) were associated with a higher risk of self-reported incident glaucoma. Similar associations were observed for one-time social isolation (HR 1.47; 95% CI 1.01\u20132.15) and two-time social isolation (HR 1.77; 95% CI 1.14\u20132.76). In HRS (median follow-up: loneliness 4.86 years, social isolation 5.09 years; incident glaucoma cases: loneliness 566, social isolation 347), only two-time cumulative exposure was significantly associated with a higher risk of self-reported incident glaucoma: loneliness (HR 1.38; 95% CI 1.05\u20131.83) and social isolation (HR 1.30; 95% CI 1.01\u20131.66). These observational findings suggest that cumulative loneliness and social isolation may be relevant psychosocial markers for future eye-health research and should be interpreted as associative and hypothesis-generating.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-61845-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T14:05:24Z","timestamp":1783951524000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cumulative loneliness and social isolation are associated with incident glaucoma in Chinese and US cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wenjuan","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunlan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianqi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingxiang","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"61845_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.05.013","volume":"121","author":"Y-C Tham","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tham, Y-C. et al. 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