{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:45:58Z","timestamp":1791917158181,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009367","name":"Mansoura University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009367","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In the present study, samples (hepatopancreas and muscles) from 100 cultured shrimp (\n                    <jats:italic>Penaeus indicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were collected. The water samples (n = 30) were obtained from the same shrimp aquaculture farms located at Damietta Governorate in Egypt. An additional 30 samples of human stool were also taken from fish workers who consumed or handled shrimp in the farms. Traditional and regular molecular methods were used for the isolation of\n                    <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. The investigation identified 165 (63.5%)\n                    <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. with predominance of\n                    <jats:italic>V. fluvialis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (41.2%),\n                    <jats:italic>V. alginolyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (31.5%) and\n                    <jats:italic>V. parahaemolyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (7.9%). Findings of large-scale multidrug resistance (77.5% of isolates) and also of the presence of carbapenemase genes (\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>KPC<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>NDM<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes (\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>CTX-M<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>TEM<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    ) were important discoveries. This strong resistance, due to the fact that a lot of pressure has been exerted on the aquaculture through the use of antibiotics, demonstrates the ineffectiveness of antibiotics in combating vibriosis in shrimp farming. The clinical signs observed in shrimps were red and fragile shells, and pale hepatopancreas. Histopathological analyses corroborated the presence of sloughed hepatopancreas epithelium, vacuolation, oedema and hemocytic infiltration. Regarding sequence similarity, the\n                    <jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene was sequenced, and all of the shrimp hepatopancreas isolates showed 100% sequence identity with the human stool isolates, which indicates potential genetic relatedness of\n                    <jats:italic>V. fluvialis<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. However, because of the conserved nature of\n                    <jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic>\n                    , higher resolution tools are needed to verify transmission (e.g., MLST or WGS). The results of this study show that ecological management strategies and improved farm hygiene practices can be more effective intervention strategies than antibiotic use, providing valuable insights for sustainable shrimp aquaculture and public health interventions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-62098-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T12:13:59Z","timestamp":1784722439000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multidrug-Resistant Vibrio spp. carrying carbapenemase genes in aquacultured shrimp and their zoonotic importance"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1007-9694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maha M.","family":"Rezk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7579-5432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalia","family":"Hamza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3991-2846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elshaimaa","family":"Ismael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nehal H.","family":"Harfoush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5883-2967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma A. El","family":"Gohary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"62098_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4060\/cc8888en","volume-title":"The State of Mediterranean and Black Sea Fisheries- 2023- Special Edition","author":"FAO","year":"2023","unstructured":"FAO. The State of Mediterranean and Black Sea Fisheries- 2023- Special Edition (General Fisheries Commission for the Meditterranean, 2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4060\/cc8888en."},{"issue":"6","key":"62098_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aaf.2020.07.017","volume":"6","author":"O Kaleem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaleem, O. & Bio Singou Sabi, A. F. Overview of aquaculture systems in Egypt and Nigeria, prospects, potentials, and constraints. Aquac. Fish. 6(6), 535\u2013547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aaf.2020.07.017 (2021).","journal-title":"Aquac. Fish."},{"key":"62098_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120184","volume":"263","author":"EM Okon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Okon, E. M. et al. The escalating threat of climate change-driven diseases in fish: evidence from a global perspective- a literature review. Environ. Res. 263, 120184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120184 (2024).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"6611","key":"62098_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabn7950","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abn7950","volume":"377","author":"DIA McKay","year":"2022","unstructured":"McKay, D. I. A. et al. Exceeding 15\u00b0C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points. Science 377(6611), eabn7950. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abn7950 (2022).","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"62098_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28247-2","volume":"13","author":"EJ Archer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Archer, E. J. et al. Climate warming and increasing Vibrio vulnificus infections in North America. Sci. Rep. 13(1), 3893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-28247-2 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"62098_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kimberlin DW, Banerjee R, Barnett ED, Lynfield R, Sawyer MH Other Vibrio Infections Red Book: 2024\u20132027 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics, 33rd edn. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/9781610027373-S3_021_002_002. (2024).","DOI":"10.1542\/9781610027373-S3_021_002_002"},{"key":"62098_CR7","unstructured":"Chitov T, Wongdao S, Thatum W, Puprae T, Sisuwan P Occurrence of potentially pathogenic Vibrio species in raw, processed, and ready-to-eat seafood and seafood product. Maejo International Journal of Science and Technology. 3 (1): 88-98. www.mijst.mju.ac.th(2009)."},{"issue":"1","key":"62098_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0005-8","volume":"4","author":"C Baker-Austin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baker-Austin, C. et al. Vibrio spp. infections. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 4(1), 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-018-0005-8 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"issue":"3","key":"62098_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3923\/jfas.2015.146.158","volume":"10","author":"MY Elgendy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Elgendy, M. Y., Soliman, W., Hassan, H., Kenawy, A. M. & Liala, A. Effect of abrupt environmental deterioration on the eruption of vibriosis in mari-cultured shrimp, Penaeus indicus, in Egypt. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 10(3), 146\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3923\/jfas.2015.146.158 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"62098_CR10","unstructured":"Maria S Microbial and virological analysis of penaeus indicus in the shrimp culture farms of Vypin Island, Master thesis, st. Teresa\u2019s collage (Autonomous). http:\/\/117.239.78.102:8080\/jspui\/bitstream\/123456789\/2966\/1\/DOC-20230418 WA0000%20%281%29.pdf (2023)."},{"key":"62098_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-025-02033-5","volume":"33","author":"L Okasha","year":"2025","unstructured":"Okasha, L., Farag, E., Sayed-ElAhl, R., Eissa, E. S. & Sherif, A. Salinity-dependent vulnerability of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) to Vibrio parahaemolyticus: Growth performance and antioxidant response. Aquac. Int. 33, 347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10499-025-02033-5 (2025).","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"issue":"6","key":"62098_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.70219","volume":"17","author":"N Thadtapong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Thadtapong, N., Charoensawan, V., Saksmerprome, V. & Chaturongakul, S. Pathogenic characteristics of shrimp early mortality syndrome (EMS)-causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus: a comparative transcriptomic study suggests the relationship between metabolic fitness and virulence gene expression. Environ. Microbiol. Rep. 17(6), e70219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1758-2229.70219 (2025).","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"62098_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-024-01806-8","volume":"33","author":"AH Sherif","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sherif, A. H. et al. The nanocomposite of chitosan-vitamin C modulates the expression of immune and antioxidant-related genes in Nile tilapia stressed with lead (Pb). Aquac. Int. 33(2), 136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10499-024-01806-8 (2025).","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"issue":"10","key":"62098_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4767","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-04031-1","volume":"202","author":"AH Sherif","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sherif, A. H. & Zommara, M. A. Selenium nanoparticles ameliorate adverse impacts of aflatoxin in Nile tilapia with special reference to Streptococcus agalactiae infection. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 202(10), 4767\u20134777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-023-04031-1 (2024).","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"62098_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zlitne R, Eissa A, Elgendy M, Abdelsalam M, Sabry N, Sharaf M, Eltahan AS, Mahmoud AE, EL Moghazi DF, Ismail MM, Abu Mhara A, Ismail EM, Zaki MM, Abdelbaky A (2022) Vibriosis triggered mass kills in Pacific white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared at some Egyptian earthen pond-based aquaculture facilities. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries 26: 261-277 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/EJABF.2022.239758.","DOI":"10.21608\/EJABF.2022.239758"},{"key":"62098_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.07.014","volume":"99","author":"PR Yaashikaa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yaashikaa, P. R., Saravanan, A. & Kumar, P. S. Isolation and identification of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus from prawn (Penaeus monodon) seafood: preservation strategies. Microb. Pathog. 99, 5\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.07.014 (2016).","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"issue":"1","key":"62098_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23311932.2015.1041349","volume":"1","author":"C Oramadike","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oramadike, C. & Ogunbanwo, S. T. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from seafoods in Lagos Lagoon Nigeria. Cogent Food Agricult. 1(1), 1041349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23311932.2015.1041349 (2015).","journal-title":"Cogent Food Agricult."},{"key":"62098_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2018.02.034","volume":"90","author":"SQ Bonny","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bonny, S. Q., Hossain, M. A. M., Lin, T. K. & Ali, M. E. Multiplex MPN-PCR for the enumeration of three major Vibrios in raw fishes in Malaysia. Food Control 90, 459\u2013465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodcont.2018.02.034 (2018).","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"issue":"9","key":"62098_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8091405","volume":"8","author":"MT Rahman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rahman, M. T. et al. Zoonotic diseases: Etiology, impact, and control. Microorganisms 8(9), 1405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms8091405 (2020).","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"1","key":"62098_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02674-12","volume":"79","author":"G Dickinson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dickinson, G., Lim, K. Y. & Jiang, S. C. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of pathogenic vibrios in marine recreational waters of southern california. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 79(1), 294\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.02674-12 (2013).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"62098_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01087","volume":"8","author":"CW Tan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tan, C. W. et al. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from short mackerels (Rastrelliger brachysoma) in Malaysia. Front. Microbiol. 8, 1087. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01087 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"62098_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2007.01.001","volume":"54","author":"A Ralph","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ralph, A. & Currie, B. Reply to comment on \u201cVibrio vulnificus and V-parahaemolyticus necrotising fasciitis in fishermen visiting an estuarine tropical northern Australia location\u201d. J. Infect. 54(5), 518\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2007.01.001 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"issue":"4","key":"62098_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028x.jfp-17-366","volume":"81","author":"TTT Vu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vu, T. T. T., Alter, T. & Huehn, S. Prevalence of Vibrio spp. in retail seafood in Berlin, Germany. J. Food Prot. 81(4), 593\u2013597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4315\/0362-028x.jfp-17-366 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"62098_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2023.101648","volume":"31","author":"Q Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao, Q. et al. Gut microbiota, host genetics and phenotypes in aquatic animals: a review. Aquac. Rep. 31, 101648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aqrep.2023.101648 (2023).","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"62098_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2017.03.022","volume":"131","author":"MI El-Gamal","year":"2017","unstructured":"El-Gamal, M. I. et al. Recent updates of carbapenem antibiotics. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 131, 185\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejmech.2017.03.022 (2017).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"62098_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012486","author":"JXH Goh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Goh, J. X. H. et al. Insights into carbapenem resistance in Vibrio species: current status and future perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232012486 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"62098_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02812-15","volume":"60","author":"CS Mangat","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mangat, C. S. et al. Characterization of VCC-1, a novel Ambler class A carbapenemase from Vibrio cholerae isolated from imported retail shrimp sold in Canada. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 60(3), 1819\u20131825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.02812-15 (2016).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"3","key":"62098_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-024-01404-z","volume":"55","author":"G Sivan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sivan, G., Hridya, V. K., Sukumaran, D. P. & Abdulla, M. H. Exploring extended-spectrum beta lactamase resistance in Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae within the tropical mangrove ecosystem of southwest India. Braz. J. Microbiol. 55(3), 2335\u20132343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42770-024-01404-z (2024).","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"62098_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01544-06","volume":"45","author":"CL Tarr","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tarr, C. L. et al. Identification of Vibrio isolates by a multiplex PCR assay and rpoB sequence determination. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45(1), 134\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.01544-06 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"62098_CR30","unstructured":"ICMSF The International Commission on Microbial Specification for foods. Microorganisms in foods 6. Microbiol Ecology of Food Commodities. Blackie Academic and Professional, London. (1998)."},{"key":"62098_CR31","unstructured":"Austin BJ, Sinha A, Stone N, Green WR, Daniels M, Haggard BE How to collect your water sample and interpret the results for the fish pond analytical package. arkansas water resources center fact sheets 2016-02: 11. 12. https:\/\/scholarworks.uark.edu\/awrcfs\/5(2016)."},{"key":"62098_CR32","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cholera and Other Vibrio Illness Surveillance (COVIS). https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vibrio\/php\/surveillance\/annual-summary-2019.html(2019)."},{"key":"62098_CR33","unstructured":"Bancroft DJLC, Gamble M Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques, Churchill Livingstone. 6th edition, USA. ISBN: 978-0-443-10279-0 (2007)."},{"key":"62098_CR34","volume-title":"A Handbook of Shrimp Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures for Diseases of Cultured Penaeid Shrimp","author":"DV Lightner","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lightner, D. V. A Handbook of Shrimp Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures for Diseases of Cultured Penaeid Shrimp (World Aquaculture Society, 1996)."},{"key":"62098_CR35","unstructured":"ISO 21872-1:2017\/A1:2023 International Organization for Standards. Microbiology of the food chain-Horizontal method for the determination of Vibrio spp.-Part 1: Detection of potentially enteropathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio vulnificus AMENDMENT 1: Inclusion of performance testing of culture media and reagents (IAS21872 1:2017\/Amd 1:2023), First edition 2017-06 AMENDMENT 1 2023-02. Danish Standards Association. www.ds.dk"},{"key":"62098_CR36","unstructured":"FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. FDA\/CFSAN BAM- Vibrio cholera, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus and Other Vibrio (Chapter 9) p: 1-28. https:\/\/www.cfsan.fda.gov\/~ebam\/bam-9.html. (2001)."},{"key":"62098_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01417","volume":"6","author":"V Letchumanan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Letchumanan, V. et al. Occurrence and antibiotic resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from shellfish in Selangor, Malaysia. Front. Microbiol. 6, 1417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01417 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"62098_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1994.tb04419.x","volume":"76","author":"M Alsina","year":"1994","unstructured":"Alsina, M. & Blanch, A. R. A set of keys for biochemical identification of environmental Vibrio species. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 76(1), 79\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1994.tb04419.x (1994).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"7","key":"62098_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1999.tb02450.x","volume":"43","author":"HC Wong","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wong, H. C. et al. Ribotyping of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates obtained from food poisoning outbreaks in Taiwan. Microbiol. Immunol. 43(7), 631\u2013636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1999.tb02450.x (1999).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"62098_CR40","unstructured":"Kaysner CA, Depaola A, Tamplin M Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, V.vulnificus, and other Vibrio species. In: Merker RL (ed) Bacteriological Analytical Manual, 8th edn. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA. (2004)."},{"key":"62098_CR41","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing CLSI Supplement. 35th ed., M100. (2025)."},{"issue":"1","key":"62098_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-20333-x","volume":"15","author":"AM Algammal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Algammal, A. M. et al. In-depth characterization of virulence traits, pathogenicity, antibiogram, and antibiotic resistance genes of MDR Vibrio parahaemolyticus retrieved from shrimp. Sci. Rep. 15(1), 34285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-20333-x (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"62098_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9110745","author":"CN Ateba","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ateba, C. N., Tabi, N. M., Fri, J., Bissong, M. E. A. & Bezuidenhout, C. C. Occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes in two drinking water treatment and distribution systems in the North-West Province of South Africa. Antibiotics https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics9110745 (2020).","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"1","key":"62098_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3887-3","volume":"46","author":"PH Krumperman","year":"1983","unstructured":"Krumperman, P. H. Multiple antibiotic resistance indexing of Escherichia coli to identify high-risk sources of fecal contamination of foods. Multiple antibiotic resistance indexing of escherichia coli to identify high-risk sources of fecal contamination of foodst. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46(1), 165\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-014-3887-3 (1983).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"62098_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","volume":"18","author":"AP Magiorakos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Magiorakos, A. P. et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 18(3), 268\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"62098_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.26502\/jfsnr.2642-11000057","volume":"3","author":"ME Dimitrakopoulou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dimitrakopoulou, M. E., Stavrou, V., Kotsalou, C. & Vantarakis, A. Boiling extraction method vs commercial kits for bacterial DNA isolation from food samples. J. Food Sci. Nutr. Res. 3, 311\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26502\/jfsnr.2642-11000057 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"62098_CR47","unstructured":"Tramuta C, Decastelli L, Bianchi D, Boteva C, Pitti M, Masotti C, Serracca L, Battistini R First Detection of Ampicillin Resistant Gene (blaTEM) Isolated from Vibrio Species in Northern Italy. Austin Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, 8(5): 1114 www.austinpublishinggroup.com(2021)."},{"issue":"1","key":"62098_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-77519-y","volume":"14","author":"R Mohammed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mohammed, R., Nader, S. M., Hamza, D. A. & Sabry, M. A. Public health concern of antimicrobial resistance and virulence determinants in E. coli isolates from oysters in Egypt. Sci. Rep. 14(1), 26977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-77519-y (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"62098_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.732001","author":"O Gxalo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gxalo, O. et al. Virulence and antibiotic resistance characteristics of Vibrio isolates from rustic environmental freshwaters. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.732001 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"62098_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.12.002","volume":"70","author":"L Poirel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Poirel, L., Walsh, T. R., Cuvillier, V. & Nordmann, P. Multiplex PCR for detection of acquired carbapenemase genes. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 70(1), 119\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.12.002 (2011).","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"62098_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2023.115594","volume":"191","author":"D Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, D. et al. Rapid identification of related species of Vibrio by gyrB gene degenerative primers. Food Sci. Technol. LWT 191, 115594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lwt.2023.115594 (2024).","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol. LWT"},{"key":"62098_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118280249","volume-title":"Veterinary Epidemiology","author":"M Thrusfield","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thrusfield, M. Veterinary Epidemiology 4th ed. (Wiley-Blackwell, 2018).","edition":"4th ed."},{"issue":"4","key":"62098_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","volume":"41","author":"F Faul","year":"2009","unstructured":"Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A. & Lang, A. G. Statistical power analyses using G* Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav. Res. Methods 41(4), 1149\u20131160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149 (2009).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"62098_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bates, D., M\u00e4chler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67(1), 1\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v067.i01 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"62098_CR55","volume-title":"An R Companion to Applied Regression","author":"J Fox","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fox, J. & Weisberg, S. An R Companion to Applied Regression Third edition. (Sage, 2019).","edition":"Third edition"},{"key":"62098_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kolde R pheatmap: Pretty Heatmaps. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614\/CRAN.package.pheatmap. (2019).","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.pheatmap"},{"key":"62098_CR57","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada Pathogen Safety Data Sheet: Infectious Substances- Vibrio cholera. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity\/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment\/vibrio-cholerae.html. (2010)."},{"key":"62098_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101723","volume":"80","author":"GT Gessew","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gessew, G. T., Desta, A. F. & Adamu, E. High burden of multidrug resistant bacteria detected in Little Akaki River. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 80, 101723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101723 (2022).","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"62098_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006025","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00060-25","volume":"10","author":"Y Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Yan, J., Olson, R. & Jiang, X. Comprehensive genomic and evolutionary analysis of biofilm matrix clusters and proteins in the Vibrio genus. ASM Journals, mSystems 10, e0006025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msystems.00060-25 (2025).","journal-title":"ASM Journals, mSystems"},{"key":"62098_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738728","volume":"562","author":"M Duman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Duman, M., Buj\u00e1n, N., Altun, S., Romalde, J. L. & Saticioglu, I. B. Population genetic and evolution analysis of Vibrio isolated from Turkish fish farms. Aquaculture 562, 738728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738728 (2023).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"2","key":"62098_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12367","volume":"12","author":"K Thornber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thornber, K. et al. Evaluating antimicrobial resistance in the global shrimp industry. Rev. Aquac. 12(2), 966\u2013986. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/raq.12367 (2020).","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"issue":"2","key":"62098_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2012.03.006","volume":"110","author":"DV Lightner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lightner, D. V. et al. Historic emergence, impact and current status of shrimp pathogens in the Americas. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 110(2), 174\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jip.2012.03.006 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"62098_CR63","unstructured":"FAO (2013) Report of the FAO\/MARD Technical Workshop on Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) or Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Syndrome (AHPNS) of Cultured Shrimp (under TCP\/VIE\/3304), Hanoi, Viet Nam, 25- 27 Retrieved from FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report No. 1053. Rome. 54 pp. www.fao.org\/icatalog\/inter-e.htm. (2013)."},{"issue":"1","key":"62098_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/aah.10045","volume":"31","author":"MY Ina-Salwany","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ina-Salwany, M. Y. et al. Vibriosis in fish: a review on disease development and prevention. J. Aquat. Anim. Health 31(1), 3\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aah.10045 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Aquat. Anim. Health"},{"key":"62098_CR65","unstructured":"Ramachandran A, Raymond A Bacterial pathogens in seafood\u2013Indian scenario. Fishery Technology 56(1): 1-22. Society of Fisheries and Technologies, http:\/\/epubs.icar.org.in\/ejournal\/index.php\/FT\/article\/view\/86492\/35450(2019)."},{"key":"62098_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2016.02.008","volume":"57","author":"S Elmahdi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elmahdi, S., DaSilva, L. V. & Parveen, S. Antibiotic resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in various countries: a review. Food Microbiol. 57, 128\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fm.2016.02.008 (2016).","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"62098_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.2478\/s11756-020-00456-4","volume":"75","author":"PG Preena","year":"2020","unstructured":"Preena, P. G., Swaminathan, T. R., Kumar, V. J. R. & Singh, I. S. B. Antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture: a crisis for concern. Biologia (Bratisl.) 75(9), 1497\u20131517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/s11756-020-00456-4 (2020).","journal-title":"Biologia (Bratisl.)"},{"issue":"2","key":"62098_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.54319\/jjbs\/150211","volume":"15","author":"AH Sherif","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sherif, A. H. & AbuLeila, R. H. Prevalence of Some Pathogenic Bacteria in Caged- Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and their Possible Treatment. Jordan J. Biol. Sci. 15(2), 239\u2013247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54319\/jjbs\/150211 (2022).","journal-title":"Jordan J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"62098_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2022.101391","volume":"27","author":"K Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, K. et al. Molecular characterization of three peroxiredoxin genes in Portunus pelagicus expressed in response to Vibrio alginolyticus challenge. Aquac. Rep. 27, 101391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aqrep.2022.101391 (2022).","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"62098_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2022.114521","volume":"187","author":"JY Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma, J. Y. et al. A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the global prevalence of foodborne Vibrio spp. infection in fishes: a persistent public health concern. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 187, 114521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2022.114521 (2023).","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"62098_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2022.101459","volume":"28","author":"T Manchanayake","year":"2023","unstructured":"Manchanayake, T., Salleh, A., Amal, M. N. A., Yasin, I. S. M. & Zamri-Saad, M. Pathology and pathogenesis of Vibrio infection in fish: a review. Aquac. Rep. 28, 101459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aqrep.2022.101459 (2023).","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"62098_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2022.198973","volume":"323","author":"AK Orozco-Ochoa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Orozco-Ochoa, A. K. et al. Characterization and genome analysis of six novel Vibrio parahaemolyticus phages associated with acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). Virus Res. 323, 198973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2022.198973 (2023).","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"62098_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4314\/ovj.v6i1.6","volume":"6","author":"SM Azwai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Azwai, S. M. et al. Isolation and molecular identification of Vibrio spp. by sequencing of 16S rDNA from seafood, meat and meat products in Libya. Open Vet. J. 6(1), 36\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/ovj.v6i1.6 (2016).","journal-title":"Open Vet. J."},{"key":"62098_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4038\/sljas.v21i1.7481","volume":"21","author":"P Heenatigala","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heenatigala, P. & Fernando, M. U. L. Occurrence of bacteria species responsible for vibriosis in shrimp pond culture systems in Sri Lanka and assessment of the suitable control measures. Sri Lanka J. Aquat. Sci. 21, 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4038\/sljas.v21i1.7481 (2016).","journal-title":"Sri Lanka J. Aquat. Sci."},{"issue":"20-Suppl","key":"62098_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.26873\/SVR-636-2018","volume":"55","author":"HA Ahmed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahmed, H. A., Mohamed, M. E. M., Rezk, M. M., Gharieb, R. M. A. & Abdel-Maksoud, S. A. Aeromonas hydrophila in fish and humans; prevalence, virulotyping and antimicrobial resistance. Slovenian Vet. Res. 55(20-Suppl), 113\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26873\/SVR-636-2018 (2018).","journal-title":"Slovenian Vet. Res."},{"key":"62098_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-0959-z","volume":"15","author":"KC Wong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wong, K. C., Brown, A. M., Luscombe, G. M., Wong, S. J. & Mendis, K. Antibiotic use for Vibrio infections: Important insights from surveillance data. BMC Infect. Dis. 15, 226 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"62098_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1080\/10498850.2020.1813858","volume":"29","author":"S Saha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saha, S., Madhumanti, H., Subham, M. & Palit, A. Preponderance of multidrug-resistant, toxigenic, and thermotolerant enteropathogenic bacteria in raw and cooked seafood of indo-gangetic basin and associated health risks. J. Aquat. Food Product Technol. 29(9), 838\u2013849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10498850.2020.1813858 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Aquat. Food Product Technol."},{"key":"62098_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195313802.001.0001","volume-title":"Field Epidemiology","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gregg, M. B. (ed.) Field Epidemiology (Oxford University Press, 2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195313802.001.0001."},{"issue":"11","key":"62098_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12308","volume":"38","author":"J Kongrueng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kongrueng, J. et al. Characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease in southern Thailand. J. Fish Dis. 38(11), 957\u2013966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jfd.12308 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"62098_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glmedi.2024.100081","volume":"2","author":"SK Ahmed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahmed, S. K. et al. Antimicrobial resistance: Impacts, challenges, and future prospects. J. Med. Surg. Public Health 2, 100081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.glmedi.2024.100081 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Med. Surg. Public Health"},{"issue":"10325","key":"62098_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)02724-0","volume":"399","author":"CJL Murray","year":"2022","unstructured":"Murray, C. J. L. et al. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet 399(10325), 629\u2013655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)02724-0 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"62098_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.11.003","volume":"15","author":"MA Horseman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Horseman, M. A. & Surani, S. A comprehensive review of Vibrio vulnificus: an important cause of severe sepsis and skin and soft-tissue infection. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 15(3), e157-166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.11.003 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"62098_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112858","volume":"227","author":"HJ Seong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Seong, H. J. et al. A case study on the distribution of the environmental resistome in Korean shrimp farms. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 227, 112858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112858 (2021).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"62098_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105514","volume":"172","author":"A Rostami","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rostami, A., Zadeh, F. A., Ebrahimzadeh, F., Jafari-Sales, A. & Gholami, S. Globally Vibrio cholera antibiotics resistance to RNA and DNA effective antibiotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb. Pathog. 172, 105514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105514 (2022).","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"issue":"1","key":"62098_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(01)00509-4","volume":"127","author":"R Stahlmann","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stahlmann, R. Clinical toxicological aspects of fluoroquinolones. Toxicol. Lett. 127(1), 269\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0378-4274(01)00509-4 (2002).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"62098_CR86","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration USFDA Animals Drugs at FDA. https:\/\/animaldrugsatfda.fda.gov\/adafda\/views\/search (2020)."},{"key":"62098_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159611","volume":"857","author":"R Wanyan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wanyan, R. et al. Distribution and influencing factors of antibiotic resistance genes of crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) intestine in main crayfish breeding provinces in China. Sci. Total Environ. 857, 159611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159611 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"11","key":"62098_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1811.120520","volume":"18","author":"G Chowdhury","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chowdhury, G. et al. Vibrio fluvialis in patients with diarrhea, Kolkata, India. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18(11), 1868\u20131871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1811.120520 (2012).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"62098_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13090825","author":"TM Mitchell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mitchell, T. M. et al. Analysis of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) across diverse bacterial species in shrimp aquaculture. Antibiotics https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics13090825 (2024).","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"62098_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2025.742379","volume":"603","author":"H Sha","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sha, H., Zhang, X., Chen, J., Qiu, Q. & Xiong, J. Prophylactic sarafloxacin hydrochloride increases shrimp susceptibility to AHPND via transferring antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors. Aquaculture 603, 742379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2025.742379 (2025).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"2","key":"62098_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020617","volume":"22","author":"M De Rosa","year":"2021","unstructured":"De Rosa, M., Verdino, A., Soriente, A. & Marabotti, A. The odd couple(s): an overview of beta-lactam antibiotics bearing more than one pharmacophoric group. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22(2), 617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22020617 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"62098_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2024.102139","volume":"106","author":"MK Rahman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rahman, M. K., Rodriguez-Mori, H., Loneragan, G. H. & Awosile, B. Beta-lactamase genes in bacteria from food animals, retail meat, and human surveillance programs in the United States from 2002 to 2021. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 106, 102139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cimid.2024.102139 (2024).","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"62098_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(11)70059-7","volume":"11","author":"TR Walsh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Walsh, T. R., Weeks, J., Livermore, D. M. & Toleman, M. A. Dissemination of NDM-1 positive bacteria in the New Delhi environment and its implications for human health: an environmental point prevalence study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 11(5), 355\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1473-3099(11)70059-7 (2011).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"62098_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43832-024-00098-6","volume":"4","author":"BE Igere","year":"2024","unstructured":"Igere, B. E., Onojafe, J. O. & Nwodo, U. U. Occurrence of carbapenemase producing NAG Vibrio cholerae (NAG-CPV.c) in aquatic environment before the recommendation of carbapenem antibiotics. Discov. Water 4(1), 64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43832-024-00098-6 (2024).","journal-title":"Discov. Water"},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"62098_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S521","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz824","volume":"69","author":"P Nordmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nordmann, P. & Poirel, L. Epidemiology and diagnostics of carbapenem resistance. Clin. Infect. Dis. 69(Suppl 7), S521\u2013S528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciz824 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"62098_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00058-14","volume":"28","author":"OM El-Halfawy","year":"2015","unstructured":"El-Halfawy, O. M. & Valvano, M. A. Antimicrobial heteroresistance: an emerging field in need of clarity. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 28(1), 191\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00058-14 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"62098_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-00736-3","volume":"9","author":"D Hamza","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hamza, D. et al. Emergence of \u03b2-lactamase-and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae at integrated fish farms. Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control 9(1), 67. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13756-020-00736-3 (2020).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"62098_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04176-22","volume":"11","author":"JM Morris","year":"2023","unstructured":"Morris, J. M. et al. Hidden resistances: How routine whole-genome sequencing uncovered an otherwise undetected bla NDM-1 gene in Vibrio alginolyticus from imported seafood. Microbiol. Spectr. 11(1), e04176-22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.04176-22 (2023).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"62098_CR99","unstructured":"Zago V Marine microorganisms producing carbapenemases and \u03b2-lactamases as environmental reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes constituting a risk for human health. Doctoral Thesis. (2020)."},{"issue":"4","key":"62098_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.21608\/zvjz.2019.12260.1037","volume":"47","author":"EM Mohamed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohamed, E. M., Ahmed, H., Rizk, M., Gharieb, R. & Abdel-Maksoud, S. Aeromonas hydrophila from fish and humans: biofilm formation and genetic relatedness. Zagazig Vet. J. 47(4), 340\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/zvjz.2019.12260.1037 (2019).","journal-title":"Zagazig Vet. J."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-62098-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-62098-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-62098-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T12:35:08Z","timestamp":1784723708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-62098-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["62098"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-62098-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Agriculture Research Center (ARC-IACUC), Egypt, and was conducted in accordance with the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) standards and the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (8th edition, 2011). The research adheres to the ARRIVE guidelines for reporting in vivo studies, ensuring transparency and comprehensiveness in reporting. We also confirm that all procedures adhere to the relevant standards and regulations specified in the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching (3rd edition;\n                      \n                      ). Additionally, agreement was obtained from farm owners and agricultural staff to participate in the study and implement the research strategy.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"22955"}}