{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:28:51Z","timestamp":1787059731347,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-62545-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T12:08:06Z","timestamp":1787054886000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effect of education provided to university students on sustainable nutrition: a comparison of ChatGPT and individual nutrition education"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0052-4838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hilal","family":"Toklu Balo\u011flu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5127-3255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ece Nur","family":"Ece","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3764-1135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asel Ada","family":"S\u00f6nmez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3698-6061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ba\u015fak","family":"Sa\u011flam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"62545_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kirk, D., van Eijnatten, E. & Camps, G. Comparison of answers between ChatGPT and human dieticians to common nutrition questions. J. Nutr. Metab. 2023, 5548684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/5548684 (2023).","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/5548684"},{"key":"62545_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-66940-8","volume-title":"ChatGPT in Scientific Research and Writing","author":"J Han","year":"2024","unstructured":"Han, J., Qiu, W. & Lichtfouse, E. ChatGPT in Scientifi c Research and Writing: A Beginner's Guide. In: ChatGPT in Scientific Research and Writing. Cham: Springer; 1\u2013109 (2024)."},{"issue":"11","key":"62545_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2023.08.001","volume":"123","author":"A Chatelan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chatelan, A., Clerc, A. & Fonta, P. A. ChatGPT and future artificial intelligence chatbots: What may be the influence on credentialed nutrition and dietetics practitioners?. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 123(11), 1525\u20131531 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"issue":"5","key":"62545_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3390\/asi6050096","volume":"6 No","author":"MB Garcia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garcia, M. B. ChatGPT as a virtual dietitian: Exploring its potential as a tool for improving nutrition knowledge. Appl. Syst. Innov. 6 (5), 96. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/asi6050096 (2023).","journal-title":"Appl. Syst. Innov."},{"issue":"10","key":"62545_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-024-01346-5","volume":"78 No","author":"F Naja","year":"2024","unstructured":"Naja, F. et al. Artificial intelligence chatbots for the nutrition management of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 78 (10), 887\u2013896. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41430-024-01346-5 (2024).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"62545_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tsiantis, V., Konstantinidis, D. & Dimitropoulos, K. ChatGPT in nutrition: trends, challenges and future directions. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pervasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments (PETRA \u201924) 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3652037.3663898 (ACM, 2024).","DOI":"10.1145\/3652037.3663898"},{"key":"62545_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s43393-023-00121-9","volume":"4","author":"S Joshi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Joshi, S., Bisht, B. & Kumar, S. Artificial intelligence assisted food science and nutrition perspective for smart nutrition research and healthcare systems. Syst. Microbiol. Biomanuf. 4, 86\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43393-023-00121-9 (2024).","journal-title":"Syst. Microbiol. Biomanufacturing"},{"key":"62545_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bastian, G. E., Buro, D. & Palmer-Keenon, D. M. Recommendations for integrating evidence-based, sustainable diet information into nutrition education. Nutrients 13, 4170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13114170 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13114170"},{"key":"62545_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2021.04.012","volume":"53 No","author":"S Burkhart","year":"2021","unstructured":"Burkhart, S., Verdonck, M., Ashford, T. & Maher, J. Sustainability in nutrition: Potential guiding statements for education and practice. J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. 53, 663\u2013676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneb.2021.04.012 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Educ. Behav."},{"issue":"13","key":"62545_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5242","DOI":"10.3390\/su12135242","volume":"12 No","author":"M Dornhoff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dornhoff , M., H\u00f6rnschemeyer, A. and Fiebelkorn, F. (2020) \u2018Students\u2019 conceptions of sustainable nutrition\u2019, Sustainability, Vol. 12 No. 13, 5242 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su12135242 (2020).","journal-title":"Didactics Biology"},{"issue":"3","key":"62545_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pp1226","DOI":"10.15295\/bmij.v11i3.2264","volume":"11","author":"SD Ya\u011far","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ya\u011far, S. D. ChatGPT\u2019nin sa\u011fl\u0131k alan\u0131ndaki potansiyel kullan\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar. Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bilimleri Fak\u00fcltesi Sa\u011fl\u0131k Y\u00f6netimi B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Dergisi. 11 (3), 1226\u20131240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15295\/bmij.v11i3.2264 (2023).","journal-title":"Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bilimleri Fak\u00fcltesi Sa\u011fl\u0131k Y\u00f6netimi B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Dergisi"},{"issue":"2","key":"62545_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.21325\/jotags.2023.1224","volume":"11 No","author":"LS G\u00f6kta\u015f","year":"2023","unstructured":"G\u00f6kta\u015f, L. S. ChatGPT uzaktan e\u011fitim s\u0131navlar\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olabilir mi? Turizm alan\u0131nda do\u011fruluk ve do\u011frulama \u00fczerine bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma. J. Tourism Gastronomy Stud. 11 (2), 892\u2013905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21325\/jotags.2023.1224 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Tourism Gastronomy Stud."},{"issue":"10","key":"62545_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2023.2954","volume":"9 No","author":"S Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, S. et al. Use of artificial intelligence chatbots for cancer treatment information. JAMA Oncol. 9 (10), 1459\u20131462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaoncol.2023.2954 (2023).","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"62545_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Du-Phuong Ta, M., Wendt, S. & Sigurjonsson, T. O. Applying artificial intelligence to promote sustainability. Sustainability 16, 4879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su16114879 (2024).","DOI":"10.3390\/su16114879"},{"key":"62545_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Di Vaio, A., Boccia, F., Landriani, L. & Palladino, R. Artificial intelligence in the agri-food system: Rethinking sustainable business models in the COVID-19 scenario. Sustainability 12, 4851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su12124851 (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/su12124851"},{"key":"62545_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2024.03.018","volume":"60","author":"S Arslan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arslan, S. Decoding dietary myths: The role of ChatGPT in modern nutrition. Clin. Nutr. ESPEN. 60, 285\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnesp.2024.03.018 (2024).","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"issue":"2","key":"62545_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39 No","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G. & Buchner, A. G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav. Res. Methods. 39 (2), 175\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03193146 (2007).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"62545_CR18","unstructured":"Yetkin, B. Enhancing Knowledge and Attitudes Through Healthy Nutrition Education Among Older Adults at a Social Life Campus. Master\u2019s thesis, \u0130zmir Democracy University, Institute of Health Sciences, \u0130zmir, T\u00fcrkiye (2023)."},{"key":"62545_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1108\/NFS-03-2023-0098","volume":"53 No","author":"G Garipo\u011flu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garipo\u011flu, G., Ko\u00e7, B. M. & \u00d6zl\u00fc, T. Behaviors scale towards sustainable nutrition: Development and validity\u2013reliability analysis. Nutr. Food Sci. 53, 1226\u20131240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/NFS-03-2023-0098 (2023).","journal-title":"Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"62545_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spc.2021.12.020","volume":"30","author":"CC Teng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Teng, C. C. & Chih, C. Sustainable food literacy: A measure to promote sustainable diet practices. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 30, 776\u2013786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spc.2021.12.020 (2022).","journal-title":"Sustainable Prod. Consum."},{"issue":"4","key":"62545_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.37989\/gumussagbil.1367727","volume":"12 No","author":"MN Kubilay","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kubilay, M. N. & Y\u00fcksel, A. Validity and reliability study of the Turkish adaptation of the sustainable food literacy scale. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane \u00dcniversitesi Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bilimleri Dergisi. 12 (4), 1562\u20131570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37989\/gumussagbil.1367727 (2023).","journal-title":"G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane \u00dcniversitesi Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bilimleri Dergisi"},{"key":"62545_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2021.104267","volume":"93","author":"MCD Verain","year":"2021","unstructured":"Verain, M.C.D., Snoek, H.M., Onwezen, M.C.,Reinders, M.J. and Bouwman, E.P. (2021) \u2018Sustainable food choice motives: the development and cross-countryvalidation of the Sustainable Food Choice Questionnaire (SUS-FCQ)\u2019, Food Quality and Preference, Vol. 93, 104267 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodqual.2021.104267 (2021).","journal-title":"Food Qual. Prefer."},{"key":"62545_CR23","unstructured":"\u00d6zkaya, B. N. Evaluation of Sustainable Food Choice and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Adults. Master\u2019s thesis, Hacettepe University (2023)."},{"key":"62545_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16101426","volume":"16 10","author":"M Assilian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dahl, A. A., Fandetti, S. M., Ademu, L. O., Harris, R., & Racine, E. F.(2024). Assessing the Healthfulness of University Food Environments: A Systematic Review of Methodsand Tools. Nutrients, 16(10), 1426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16101426 (2024).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"2","key":"62545_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1177\/17579759241270957","volume":"32 No","author":"E Dodge","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dodge, E., Abu Shihab, K. H. N., Aboul-Enein, B. H., Benajiba, N. & Faris, M. Effectiveness of nutrition interventions targeting university-level student populations across the League of Arab States: a systematic scoping review. Global Health Promotion. 32 (2), 34\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17579759241270957 (2025).","journal-title":"Global Health Promotion"},{"issue":"5","key":"62545_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/19325037.2024.2338072","volume":"55 No","author":"JP Enriquez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Enriquez, J. P., Hernandez Santana, A. & Del-Cid, D. Y. Impact of nutritional education intervention on food choice motivations and eating behaviors among Latin American university students. Am. J. Health Educ. 55 (5), 353\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19325037.2024.2338072 (2024).","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Educ."},{"key":"62545_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.31590\/ejosat.1109521","volume":"38","author":"\u015e Engin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Engin, \u015e. & Sevim, Y. Lisans \u00f6\u011frencilerinin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir beslenme hakk\u0131ndaki davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve bilgi d\u00fczeyleri ile besin tercihleri aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin incelenmesi: tek merkezli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi. 38, 259\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31590\/ejosat.1109521 (2022).","journal-title":"Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi"},{"key":"62545_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2023.104972","volume":"111","author":"A Kabasakal \u00c7etin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kabasakal \u00c7etin, A. Association between eco-anxiety, sustainable eating and consumption behaviors and the EAT-Lancet diet score among university students. Food Qual. Prefer. 111, 104972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodqual.2023.104972 (2023).","journal-title":"Food Qual. Prefer."},{"key":"62545_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huyard, C. Sustainable food education: what food preparation competences are needed to support vegetable consumption? Environ. Educ. Res. 26, 1164\u20131176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13504622.2020.1779187 (2020).","DOI":"10.1080\/13504622.2020.1779187"},{"issue":"3","key":"62545_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su11030837","volume":"11","author":"IC Kamenidou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kamenidou, I. C., Mamalis, S. A., Pavlidis, S. & Bara, E.-Z. Segmenting the generation Z cohort university students based on sustainable food consumption behavior: A preliminary study. Sustainability 11(3), 837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su11030837 (2019).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"1","key":"62545_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.58625\/jfng-2472","volume":"3 No","author":"MT \u00dclker","year":"2024","unstructured":"\u00dclker, M. T. et al. The effect of sustainable food literacy education on primary school nutrition attitudes and behaviours. J. Food Nutr. Community. 3 (1), 29\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.58625\/jfng-2472 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Food Nutr. Community (JFNG)"},{"key":"62545_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"P\u0131narl\u0131 Falakac\u0131lar, \u00c7. The Effect of Sustainable Nutrition Education on Diet Quality, Carbon Footprint and Water Footprint Values in University Students. Doctoral dissertation, Lokman Hekim University. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.15677.37604 (2024).","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.15677.37604"},{"issue":"7","key":"62545_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2021.1955420","volume":"41","author":"\u0130Z Yolcuo\u011flu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yolcuo\u011flu, \u0130Z. & K\u0131z\u0131ltan, G. Effect of nutrition education on diet quality, sustainable nutrition and eating behaviors among university students. J. Am. Nutr. Assoc. 41(7), 713\u2013719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07315724.2021.1955420 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Am. Nutr. Assoc."},{"key":"62545_CR34","first-page":"1089","volume":"5 No","author":"S Torabian-Riasati","year":"2017","unstructured":"Torabian-Riasati, S., Lippman, S. R., Nisnevich, Y. & Plunkett, S. W. Food sustainability knowledge and its relationship with dietary habits of college students. Austin J. Nutr. Food Sci. 5 No, 2, 1089 (2017).","journal-title":"Austin J. Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"62545_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee, Y., Kim, T. & Jung, H. Effects of university students\u2019 perceived food literacy on ecological eating behavior towards sustainability. Sustainability 14, 5242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14095242 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/su14095242"},{"issue":"4","key":"62545_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuad072","volume":"82 No","author":"G Ares","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ares, G. et al. Development of food literacy in children and adolescents: implications for the design of strategies to promote healthier and more sustainable diets. Nutr. Rev. 82 (4), 536\u2013552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuad072 (2024).","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"issue":"9","key":"62545_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1108\/IJSHE-11-2022-0373","volume":"24 No","author":"S Mollaei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mollaei, S., Minaker, L. M., Lynes, J. K., & Dias, G. M. (2023). Perceptions and determinants of adoptingsustainable eating behaviours among university students in Canada: A qualitative study using focus groupdiscussions. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 24(9), 252\u2013298 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJSHE-11-2022-0373 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ."},{"key":"62545_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Teng, C., Chiang, Y. C. & Chuang, C. Enhancing sustainable food literacy in hospitality education: assessing the impact on undergraduate students. Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ.. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJSHE-11-2024-0821 (2025).","DOI":"10.1108\/IJSHE-11-2024-0821"},{"issue":"4","key":"62545_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.5336\/healthsci.2025-110858","volume":"10","author":"B Ba\u015far G\u00f6kcen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ba\u015far G\u00f6kcen, B. & Canpolat, E. B. Impact of sustainable nutrition education on dietary, environmental, and purchasing behaviors among university students: A cross-sectional research. Turk. Klin. J. Health Sci. 10(4), 822\u2013831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5336\/healthsci.2025-110858 (2025).","journal-title":"Turk. Klin. J. Health Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"62545_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.61845\/agrimedical.1653683","volume":"3 No","author":"A Borlu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Borlu, A., Durmu\u015f, H. & \u00d6ner, N. University students\u2019 sustainable and healthy eating behaviors, along with their environmental literacy: a cross-sectional study. A\u011fr\u0131 T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi. 3 (3), 107\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.61845\/agrimedical.1653683 (2025).","journal-title":"A\u011fr\u0131 T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi"},{"key":"62545_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fernqvist, F., Spendrup, S. & Tellstr\u00f6m, R. Understanding food choice: a systematic review of reviews. Heliyon 10, e32492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e32492 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e32492"},{"key":"62545_CR42","unstructured":"Global Nutrition Report. 2021 Global Nutrition Report: The State of Global Nutrition. https:\/\/globalnutritionreport.org\/reports\/2021-global-nutrition-report\/ (2021)."},{"key":"62545_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spc.2018.10.002","volume":"17","author":"A Annunziata","year":"2019","unstructured":"Annunziata, A., Mariani, A. & Vecchio, R. Effectiveness of sustainability labels in guiding food choices: analysis of visibility and understanding among young adults. Sustainable Prod. Consum. 17, 108\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spc.2018.10.002 (2019).","journal-title":"Sustainable Prod. Consum."},{"key":"62545_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589413","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2025.1589413","volume":"9","author":"S Sahadeo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sahadeo, S., Naicker, A., Makanjana, O. & Olabisi, O. O. Awareness, knowledge and attitudes of food and nutrition sustainability, and food choice drivers among university students. Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 9, 1589413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsufs.2025.1589413 (2025).","journal-title":"Front. Sustainable Food Syst."},{"issue":"2","key":"62545_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.18621\/eurj.1226567","volume":"9","author":"N Arslan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arslan, N. & Alata\u015f, H. The relationship between sustainable nutrition and healthy food choice: A cross-sectional study. Eur. Res. J. 9(2), 192\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18621\/eurj.1226567 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. Res. J."},{"key":"62545_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2021.1604149","volume":"66","author":"L Aguirre S\u00e1nchez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aguirre S\u00e1nchez, L. et al. What influences the sustainable food consumption behaviors of university students? A systematic review. Int. J. Public Health 66, 1604149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/ijph.2021.1604149 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"20","key":"62545_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13202579","volume":"13","author":"GG Panayotova","year":"2025","unstructured":"Panayotova, G. G. Artificial intelligence in nutrition and dietetics: A comprehensive review of current research. Healthcare 13(20), 2579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare13202579 (2025).","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"62545_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ngo, K. et al. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) to support dietetic practice across primary care: a scoping review of the literature. Nutrients 17, 3515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17223515 (2025).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17223515"},{"issue":"20","key":"62545_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7488","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18207488","volume":"18 No","author":"Y Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Perez-Cueto, F. J. A., Giboreau, A., Mavridis, I. & Hartwell, H. The promotion of eating behaviour change through digital interventions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 18 (20), 7488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18207488 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"62545_CR50","unstructured":"Samoita, J. An artificial intelligence nutritional education chatbot. In Data Science and Artificial Intelligence: Proceedings of the Kabarak University International Conference on Data Science and Artificial Intelligence. https:\/\/conferences.kabarak.ac.ke\/index.php\/dsai\/article\/view\/23 (2023)."},{"issue":"5","key":"62545_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70135","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.7013","volume":"38 No","author":"T Onay","year":"2025","unstructured":"Onay, T., Bekar, D., \u00c7oban, E., Do\u011fan, N. & G\u00fcn\u015fen, U. Artificial intelligence in clinical nutrition: a descriptive comparison of ChatGPT- and dietitian-planned diets for chronic disease scenarios. J. Hum. Nutr. Dietetics. 38 (5), e70135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jhn.7013 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Dietetics"},{"key":"62545_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205520762513613","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076251361381","volume":"11","author":"SK Choi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Choi, S. K., Moon, Y. & Jung, H. ChatGPT and human dietitian responses to diet-related questions on an online Q&A platform: a comparative study. Digit. Health. 11, 20552076251361381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20552076251361381 (2025).","journal-title":"Digit. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"62545_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.13548","volume":"42 No","author":"G \u015eahin-Bodur","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u015eahin-Bodur, G., Tun\u00e7er, E., Duman, E., Y\u0131lmaz, S. & Keser, A. Online education on sustainable nutrition affects women\u2019s sustainable eating behavior and anthropometric measures. Public Health Nurs. 42 (3), 1354\u20131364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/phn.13548 (2025).","journal-title":"Public Health Nurs."},{"key":"62545_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-025-01823-7","volume":"22","author":"E Curtin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Curtin, E. et al. The effectiveness of mobile app-based interventions in facilitating behaviour change towards healthier and more sustainable diets: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Activity. 22, 122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12966-025-01823-7 (2025).","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Activity"},{"issue":"1","key":"62545_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-25154-1","volume":"25","author":"F Gen\u00e7er Bing\u00f6l","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gen\u00e7er Bing\u00f6l, F., \u00c7akmak, \u00d6. N., Bayrak, R. & Do\u011fan, S. Digital interventions in nutrition education: A web-based model for promoting sustainable nutrition among young adults. BMC Public Health 25(1), 3946. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-025-25154-1 (2025).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"62545_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031691","volume":"19 No","author":"N Ghammachi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ghammachi, N., Dharmayani, P. N. A., Mihrshahi, S. & Ronto, R. Investigating web-based nutrition education interventions for promoting sustainable and healthy diets in young adults: a systematic literature review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 19 (3), 1691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19031691 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"62545_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.53982\/ajerd.2025.0801.17-j","volume":"8 No","author":"TF Ojo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ojo, T. F., Akpor, O. A., Talabi, Y. J. & Afolalu, A. S. AI-powered platforms for interactive nutrition education based on WHO (World Health Organization) guidelines: an overview. ABUAD J. Eng. Res. Dev.. 8 (1), 161\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53982\/ajerd.2025.0801.17-j (2025).","journal-title":"ABUAD J. Eng. Res. Dev. (AJERD)"},{"key":"62545_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liao, L. L., Chang, L. C. & Lai, I. J. Assessing the quality of ChatGPT\u2019s dietary advice for college students from dietitians perspectives. Nutrients 16, 1939. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16121939 (2024).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16121939"},{"key":"62545_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2025.1691148","volume":"10","author":"L Alkhawaja","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alkhawaja, L., Idris, M., Al-Sayyed, S. & Al Jaber, A. M. Exploring the impact of artificial intelligence on students\u2019 skills for sustainable development in education. Front. Educ. 10, 1691148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feduc.2025.1691148 (2025).","journal-title":"Front. Educ."},{"key":"62545_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/062a7394-en","volume-title":"OECD digital education outlook 2026: Exploring effective uses of generative AI in education","author":"OECD","year":"2026","unstructured":"OECD. OECD digital education outlook 2026: Exploring effective uses of generative AI in education (OECD Publishing, 2026). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/062a7394-en."},{"key":"62545_CR61","unstructured":"UNESCO. Guidance for Generative AI in Education and Research (UNESCO, 2025)."},{"key":"62545_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-025-01159-w","volume":"37","author":"W Leal Filho","year":"2025","unstructured":"Leal Filho, W. et al. Using artificial intelligence in sustainability teaching and learning. Environ. Sci. Eur. 37, 124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12302-025-01159-w (2025).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eur."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-62545-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-62545-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-62545-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:03:46Z","timestamp":1787058226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-62545-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["62545"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-62545-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"25913"}}