{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T17:40:11Z","timestamp":1792431611901,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784332800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":93,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013238","name":"Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R016532016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R016532016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013238","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-62636-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T16:13:07Z","timestamp":1784391187000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Age-related differences in extubation time following propofol-based target-controlled infusion in pediatric medium-duration surgery: A prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Issada","family":"Jindawatthana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patcharee","family":"Sriswasdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wiriya","family":"Maisat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawana","family":"Yonphan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saowaphak","family":"Lapmahapaisan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"62636_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924647","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.924647","volume":"9","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Qin, F., Liu, Y., Dai, Y. & Cen, X. The Safety of Propofol Versus Sevoflurane for General Anesthesia in Children: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front. Surg. 9, 924647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsurg.2022.924647 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Surg."},{"key":"62636_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.2147\/jpr.S164106","volume":"11","author":"O Kocaturk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kocaturk, O. & Keles, S. Recovery characteristics of total intravenous anesthesia with propofol versus sevoflurane anesthesia: a prospective randomized clinical trial. J. Pain Res. 11, 1289\u20131295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/jpr.S164106 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"62636_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/67.1.41","volume":"67","author":"B 3 Marsh","year":"1991","unstructured":"3 Marsh, B., White, M., Morton, N. & Kenny, G. N. Pharmacokinetic model driven infusion of propofol in children. Br. J. Anaesth. 67, 41\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bja\/67.1.41 (1991).","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"62636_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200003000-00017","volume":"92","author":"J Sch\u00fcttler","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcttler, J. & Ihmsen, H. Population pharmacokinetics of propofol: a multicenter study. Anesthesiology 92, 727\u2013738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000542-200003000-00017 (2000).","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"62636_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199203000-00003","volume":"76","author":"MA Hughes","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hughes, M. A., Glass, P. S. & Jacobs, J. R. Context-sensitive half-time in multicompartment pharmacokinetic models for intravenous anesthetic drugs. Anesthesiology 76, 334\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000542-199203000-00003 (1992).","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"62636_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.14391","volume":"32","author":"JD Morse","year":"2022","unstructured":"Morse, J. D., Cortinez, L. I., Meneely, S. & Anderson, B. J. Propofol context-sensitive decrement times in children. Paediatr. Anaesth. 32, 396\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pan.14391 (2022).","journal-title":"Paediatr. Anaesth."},{"key":"62636_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199401000-00018","volume":"80","author":"BK Kataria","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kataria, B. K. et al. The pharmacokinetics of propofol in children using three different data analysis approaches. Anesthesiology 80, 104\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000542-199401000-00018 (1994).","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"62636_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeg220","volume":"91","author":"A Absalom","year":"2003","unstructured":"8 Absalom, A., Amutike, D., Lal, A., White, M. & Kenny, G. N. Accuracy of the \u2018Paedfusor\u2019 in children undergoing cardiac surgery or catheterization. Br. J. Anaesth. 91, 507\u2013513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bja\/aeg220 (2003).","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"62636_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1097\/aln.0000000000002657","volume":"131","author":"BJ Anderson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anderson, B. J. & Bagshaw, O. Practicalities of Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Target-controlled Infusion in Children. Anesthesiology 131, 164\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/aln.0000000000002657 (2019).","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"62636_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.2002.00921.x","volume":"12","author":"DA Varveris","year":"2002","unstructured":"Varveris, D. A. & Morton, N. S. Target controlled infusion of propofol for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia using the paedfusor: an open pilot study. Paediatr. Anaesth. 12, 589\u2013593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1460-9592.2002.00921.x (2002).","journal-title":"Paediatr. Anaesth."},{"key":"62636_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aei567","volume":"95","author":"A Absalom","year":"2005","unstructured":"Absalom, A. & Kenny, G. Paedfusor\u2019 pharmacokinetic data set. Br. J. Anaesth. 95, 110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bja\/aei567 (2005).","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"62636_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1093\/bjaed\/mkw019","volume":"16","author":"J Gaynor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gaynor, J. & Ansermino, J. M. Paediatric total intravenous anaesthesia. BJA Educ. 16, 369\u2013373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjaed\/mkw019 (2016).","journal-title":"BJA Educ."},{"key":"62636_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/ael120","volume":"97","author":"J Bruhn","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bruhn, J., Myles, P. S., Sneyd, R. & Struys, M. M. Depth of anaesthesia monitoring: what\u2019s available, what\u2019s validated and what\u2019s next? Br. J. Anaesth. 97, 85\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bja\/ael120 (2006).","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"62636_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1097\/aln.0000000000002870","volume":"131","author":"TW Templeton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Templeton, T. W. et al. Assessment of Common Criteria for Awake Extubation in Infants and Young Children. Anesthesiology 131, 801\u2013808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/aln.0000000000002870 (2019).","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"62636_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12957","volume":"26","author":"N Louvet","year":"2016","unstructured":"Louvet, N., Rigouzzo, A., Sabourdin, N. & Constant, I. Bispectral index under propofol anesthesia in children: a comparative randomized study between TIVA and TCI. Paediatr. Anaesth. 26, 899\u2013908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pan.12957 (2016).","journal-title":"Paediatr. Anaesth."},{"key":"62636_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2017.11.102","volume":"120","author":"J Mu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mu, J., Jiang, T., Xu, X. B., Yuen, V. M. & Irwin, M. G. Comparison of target-controlled infusion and manual infusion for propofol anaesthesia in children. Br. J. Anaesth. 120, 1049\u20131055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2017.11.102 (2018).","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"62636_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2009.03196.x","volume":"20","author":"J McCormack","year":"2010","unstructured":"McCormack, J. et al. The effect of a target controlled infusion of propofol on predictability of recovery from anesthesia in children. Paediatr. Anaesth. 20, 56\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2009.03196.x (2010).","journal-title":"Paediatr. Anaesth."},{"key":"62636_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.23843","volume":"77","author":"I Yuan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yuan, I., Bong, C. L. & Chao, J. Y. Intraoperative pediatric electroencephalography monitoring: an updated review. Korean J. Anesthesiol. 77, 289\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4097\/kja.23843 (2024).","journal-title":"Korean J. Anesthesiol"},{"key":"62636_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1213\/01.Ane.0000139358.15909.Ea","volume":"100","author":"H Iwakiri","year":"2005","unstructured":"Iwakiri, H. et al. Individual effect-site concentrations of propofol are similar at loss of consciousness and at awakening. Anesth. Analg. 100, 107\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/01.Ane.0000139358.15909.Ea (2005).","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg"},{"key":"62636_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972025","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.972025","volume":"15","author":"A Xiao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xiao, A. et al. General anesthesia in children and long-term neurodevelopmental deficits: A systematic review. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 15, 972025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnmol.2022.972025 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"62636_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.482127","volume":"14","author":"Z Liang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liang, Z. et al. Age-dependent neurovascular coupling characteristics in children and adults during general anesthesia. Biomed. Opt. Express. 14, 2240\u20132259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/boe.482127 (2023).","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"62636_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.01.037","volume":"120","author":"L Cornelissen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cornelissen, L. et al. Electroencephalographic markers of brain development during sevoflurane anaesthesia in children up to 3 years old. Br. J. Anaesth. 120, 1274\u20131286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2018.01.037 (2018).","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-62636-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-62636-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-62636-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T17:02:46Z","timestamp":1792429366000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-62636-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["62636"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-62636-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This prospective study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital (Si 022\/2022). Written informed consent was obtained from parents or legal guardians, and assent was obtained from children aged 7\u201315 years.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics declarations","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"32830"}}