{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T07:31:50Z","timestamp":1793777510675,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002345","name":"Eberhard Karls Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002345","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Thermal perception and regulation are essential for physical exercise. The hue-heat hypothesis suggests that an environment\u2019s color temperature, e.g., warm reddish lighting or cold bluish lighting, affects thermal perception and regulation. Virtual reality (VR) enables immersion in any environment. Previous work showed that a VR environment can affect how warm or cold users feel during sedentary VR experiences. However, it is unclear whether such visual thermal cues also influence physiological and perceptual responses during physical exercise. Therefore, we conducted a controlled VR experiment (n = 34) examining whether a virtual heater, either activated or deactivated, influences skin temperature, thermal perception, and perceived exertion while cycling for 20 minutes in each condition. Activation of the virtual heater resulted in significantly higher skin temperature over time and increased thermal sensation compared to the deactivated heater, despite no differences in perceived exertion and heart rate responses. Thereby, we show that visual thermal cues can indeed influence users\u2019 thermal perception and thermophysiological responses during physical exercise. Our findings highlight the role of visual environmental cues in shaping thermoregulation during immersive physical exercises.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-62664-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T09:56:19Z","timestamp":1786355779000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of visual thermal cues on thermal perception and thermoregulation while cycling in virtual reality"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3077-6267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Kocur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Chaparro-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonaris","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Malam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheyenne","family":"Ivey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kale","family":"Lawhorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nyah","family":"McFarlane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergi","family":"Garcia-Retortillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Schwind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels","family":"Henze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"62664_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-004-1267-4","volume":"448","author":"R Tucker","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tucker, R., Rauch, L., Harley, Y. X. R. & Noakes, T. D. Impaired exercise performance in the heat is associated with an anticipatory reduction in skeletal muscle recruitment. Pflugers Arch. 448, 422\u2013430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00424-004-1267-4 (2004).","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"62664_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2018.07.006","volume":"76","author":"G Roussey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roussey, G. et al. Interactions between perceived exertion and thermal perception in the heat in endurance athletes. J. Therm. Biol 76, 68\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2018.07.006 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol"},{"key":"62664_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0538-5","volume":"46","author":"CJ Tyler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tyler, C. J., Reeve, T., Hodges, G. J. & Cheung, S. S. The effects of heat adaptation on physiology, perception and exercise performance in the heat: A meta-analysis. Sports Med. 46, 1699\u20131724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-016-0538-5 (2016).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"62664_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1080\/0264041400005883","volume":"22","author":"M Nimmo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nimmo, M. Exercise in the cold. J. Sports Sci. 22, 898\u2013916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0264041400005883 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"62664_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410903406216","volume":"28","author":"CR Abbiss","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abbiss, C. R. et al. Effect of hot versus cold climates on power output, muscle activation, and perceived fatigue during a dynamic 100-km cycling trial. J. Sports Sci. 28, 117\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640410903406216 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"62664_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000428","volume":"47","author":"S Racinais","year":"2015","unstructured":"Racinais, S., P\u00e9riard, J. D., Karlsen, A. & Nybo, L. Effect of heat and heat acclimatization on cycling time trial performance and pacing. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise 47, 601\u2013606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000428 (2015).","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exercise"},{"key":"62664_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1990.69.3.1040","volume":"69","author":"B Nielsen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nielsen, B., Savard, G., Richter, E. A., Hargreaves, M. & Saltin, B. Muscle blood flow and muscle metabolism during exercise and heat stress. J. Appl. Physiol. 69, 1040\u20131046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1990.69.3.1040 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"62664_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002324","volume":"52","author":"J Ng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ng, J., Stone, T. & Wingo, J. E. Cardiovascular drift and maximal oxygen uptake during running and cycling in the heat. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise 52, 1924\u20131932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002324 (2020).","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exercise"},{"key":"62664_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.2307\/1413633","volume":"37","author":"MF Mogensen","year":"1926","unstructured":"Mogensen, M. F. & English, H. B. The apparent warmth of colors. Am. J. Psychol. 37, 427\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1413633 (1926).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychol."},{"key":"62664_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ziat, M., Balcer, C.\u00a0A., Shirtz, A. & Rolison, T. A Century later, the Hue\u2013Heat hypothesis: Does color truly affect temperature perception? In Bello, F., Kajimoto, H. & Visell, Y. (eds.) Haptics: Perception, Devices, Control, and Applications, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 273\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-42321-0_25 (Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2016).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-42321-0_25"},{"key":"62664_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112601","volume":"165","author":"N Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, N., Wang, J. & Feng, Y. Systematic review: Acute thermal effects of artificial light in the daytime. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 165, 112601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112601 (2022).","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"62664_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1880-6805-32-26","volume":"32","author":"J Takakura","year":"2013","unstructured":"Takakura, J., Nishimura, T. & Watanuki, S. Visual information without thermal energy may induce thermoregulatory-like cardiovascular responses. J. Physiol. Anthropol. 32, 26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1880-6805-32-26 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Anthropol."},{"key":"62664_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-015-0956-3","volume":"59","author":"J Takakura","year":"2015","unstructured":"Takakura, J., Nishimura, T., Choi, D., Egashira, Y. & Watanuki, S. Nonthermal sensory input and altered human thermoregulation: Effects of visual information depicting hot or cold environments. Int. J. Biometeorol. 59, 1453\u20131460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00484-015-0956-3 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"62664_CR14","unstructured":"The effect of short exposure to coloured light on thermal perception: A study using virtual reality. In Proceedings of the Lux Europa 2017 (Lux Europa, 2017) (Meeting Name)."},{"key":"62664_CR15","unstructured":"Huang, S. Effects of coloured ambient light on perceived temperature for energy efficiency: A preliminary study in virtual reality. In LeNS world distributed conference (2019)."},{"key":"62664_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819892383","volume":"63","author":"G Chinazzo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chinazzo, G., Chamilothori, K., Wienold, J. & Andersen, M. Temperature\u2013color interaction: Subjective indoor environmental perception and physiological responses in virtual reality. Hum. Factors 63, 474\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720819892383 (2021).","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"62664_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.102368","volume":"41","author":"F Vittori","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vittori, F., Pigliautile, I. & Pisello, A. L. Subjective thermal response driving indoor comfort perception: A novel experimental analysis coupling building information modelling and virtual reality. J. Build. Eng. 41, 102368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.102368 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"62664_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kocur, M., Jackermeier, L., Schwind, V. & Henze, N. The effects of avatar and environment on thermal perception and skin temperature in virtual reality. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI \u201923, 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3544548.3580668 (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2023).","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3580668"},{"key":"62664_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"W\u00fchrl, C. et al. Investigating subjective and physiological effects of color temperature and visual thermal cues in virtual reality. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3801544 (2026).","DOI":"10.1145\/3801544"},{"key":"62664_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12349","volume":"25","author":"AD Flouris","year":"2015","unstructured":"Flouris, A. D. & Schlader, Z. J. Human behavioral thermoregulation during exercise in the heat. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 25, 52\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.12349 (2015).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"62664_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2016.02.008","volume":"15","author":"GM Huebner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huebner, G. M. et al. Saving energy with light? Experimental studies assessing the impact of colour temperature on thermal comfort. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 15, 45\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.erss.2016.02.008 (2016).","journal-title":"Energy Res. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"62664_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G. & Buchner, A. G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav. Res. Methods 39, 175\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03193146 (2007).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"62664_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1994.78.3.843","volume":"78","author":"D Deligni\u00e8res","year":"1994","unstructured":"Deligni\u00e8res, D., Marcellini, A., Brisswalter, J. & Legros, P. Self-perception of fitness and personality traits. Percept. Mot. Skills 78, 843\u2013851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pms.1994.78.3.843 (1994).","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"62664_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)01054-8","volume":"37","author":"H Tanaka","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tanaka, H., Monahan, K. D. & Seals, D. R. Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 37, 153\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)01054-8 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"62664_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4201","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-021-0832-5","volume":"35","author":"Y Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Shin, Y. & Cho, H. Influencing factors on thermal comfort and biosignals of occupant\u2014A review. J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 35, 4201\u20134224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12206-021-0832-5 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Mech. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"62664_CR26","unstructured":"Fanger, P.\u00a0O. Thermal comfort: Analysis and applications in environmental engineering (McGraw-Hill, New York) (1972). OCLC: 514546."},{"key":"62664_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.64.5.313","volume":"64","author":"DB Northridge","year":"1990","unstructured":"Northridge, D. B. et al. Novel exercise protocol suitable for use on a treadmill or a bicycle ergometer. Heart 64, 313\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/hrt.64.5.313 (1990).","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"62664_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kocur, M. et al. Physiological and perceptual responses to athletic avatars while cycling in virtual reality. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI \u201921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3411764.3445160 (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA), (2021).","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445160"},{"key":"62664_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.70252\/KAMD5941","volume":"7","author":"SW Park","year":"2014","unstructured":"Park, S. W., Brenneman, M., Cooke, W. H., Cordova, A. & Fogt, D. Determination of anaerobic threshold by heart rate or heart rate variability using discontinuous cycle ergometry. Int. J. Exerc. Sci. 7, 45\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.70252\/KAMD5941 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"62664_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12231","volume":"210","author":"AA Romanovsky","year":"2014","unstructured":"Romanovsky, A. A. Skin temperature: Its role in thermoregulation. Acta Physiol. 210, 498\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apha.12231 (2014).","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"62664_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/34\/11\/1531","volume":"34","author":"VL Richmond","year":"2013","unstructured":"Richmond, V. L. et al. Insulated skin temperature as a measure of core body temperature for individuals wearing CBRN protective clothing. Physiol. Meas. 34, 1531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0967-3334\/34\/11\/1531 (2013).","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"62664_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10889","volume":"8","author":"TL Igarashi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Igarashi, T. L., Fernandes, T. L., Hernandez, A. J., Keutenedjian Mady, C. E. & Albuquerque, C. Behavior of skin temperature during incremental cycling and running indoor exercises. Heliyon 8, e10889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10889 (2022).","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"62664_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2009.07.007","volume":"41","author":"JY Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee, J. Y., Stone, E. A., Wakabayashi, H. & Tochihara, Y. Issues in combining the categorical and visual analog scale for the assessment of perceived thermal sensation: Methodological and conceptual considerations. Appl. Ergon. 41, 282\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2009.07.007 (2010).","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"62664_CR34","unstructured":"Bedford, T. The warmth factor in comfort at work. a physiological study of heating and ventilation. The Warmth Factor in Comfort at Work. A Physiological Study of Heating and Ventilation (1936)."},{"key":"62664_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198205000-00012","volume":"14","author":"GAV Borg","year":"1982","unstructured":"Borg, G. A. V. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med. Sci. Sports Exer. 14, 377\u2013381 (1982).","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exer."},{"key":"62664_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1026\/\/1617-6383.15.2.69","volume":"15","author":"TW Schubert","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schubert, T. W. The sense of presence in virtual environments: A three-component scale measuring spatial presence, involvement, and realness. Z. f\u00fcr Medienpsychologie 15, 69\u201371 (2003).","journal-title":"Z. f\u00fcr Medienpsychologie"},{"key":"62664_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schwind, V., Knierim, P., Haas, N. & Henze, N. Using presence questionnaires in virtual reality. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI \u201919, 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3290605.3300590 (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2019).","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300590"},{"key":"62664_CR38","unstructured":"Ergonomics - evaluation of thermal strain by physiological measurements (2004)."},{"key":"62664_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c140051","volume":"6","author":"G Havenith","year":"2015","unstructured":"Havenith, G. & Fiala, D. Thermal indices and thermophysiological modeling for heat stress. Compr. Physiol. 6, 255\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cphy.c140051 (2015).","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"62664_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217288","volume":"14","author":"IT Hettiarachchi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hettiarachchi, I. T., Hanoun, S., Nahavandi, D. & Nahavandi, S. Validation of polar oh1 optical heart rate sensor for moderate and high intensity physical activities. PLoS ONE 14, 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0217288 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"62664_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.1139\/h11-061","volume":"36","author":"S Charlesworth","year":"2011","unstructured":"Charlesworth, S., Foulds, H. J., Burr, J. F. & Bredin, S. S. Evidence-based risk assessment and recommendations for physical activity clearance: Pregnancy1this paper is one of a selection of papers published in this special issue, entitled evidence-based risk assessment and recommendations for physical activity clearance, and has undergone the journal\u2019s usual peer review process. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 36, S33\u2013S48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/h11-061 (2011).","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"62664_CR42","unstructured":"Team, R. C. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing (Vienna, Austria, 2023) (Version 4.5.1)."},{"key":"62664_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.114865","volume":"294","author":"EC Acevedo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Acevedo, E. C., White, K. P. & Al-Shawaf, L. The psychology of thermoregulation: A coordinating mechanisms approach. Physiol. Behav. 294, 114865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2025.114865 (2025).","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"62664_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00126.2014","volume":"39","author":"EA Tansey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tansey, E. A. & Johnson, C. D. Recent advances in thermoregulation. Adv. Physiol. Educ. 39, 139\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/advan.00126.2014 (2015).","journal-title":"Adv. Physiol. Educ."},{"key":"62664_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1177\/1477153514546784","volume":"47","author":"F Albers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Albers, F., Maier, J. & Marggraf-Micheel, C. In search of evidence for the hue-heat hypothesis in the aircraft cabin. Light. Res. Technol. 47, 483\u2013494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1477153514546784 (2015).","journal-title":"Light. Res. Technol."},{"key":"62664_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.70063","volume":"241","author":"D Mitchell","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mitchell, D., Maloney, S. K., Snelling, E. P., Hetem, R. S. & Fuller, A. Revisiting concepts of thermal physiology: Understanding feedback and feedforward control, and local temperature regulation. Acta Physiol. 241, e70063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apha.70063 (2025).","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"62664_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2024-002824","volume":"12","author":"B Knox-Brown","year":"2025","unstructured":"Knox-Brown, B. et al. Impact of cycling cadence on physiological response during a cardiopulmonary exercise test. BMJ Open Respir. Res. 12, e002824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjresp-2024-002824 (2025).","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir. Res."},{"key":"62664_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1125969","author":"J Heydenreich","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heydenreich, J. et al. Effects of internal cooling on physical performance, physiological and perceptional parameters when exercising in the heat: A systematic review with meta-analyses. Front. Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2023.1125969 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"62664_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Balagu\u00e9, N., Hristovski, R. & Garc\u00eda-Retortillo, S. Perceived Exertion, chap. 46, pp. 950\u2013965 (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd) (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781119568124.ch46.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119568124.ch46"},{"key":"62664_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2015.1078870","volume":"86","author":"N Balagu\u00e9","year":"2015","unstructured":"Balagu\u00e9, N. et al. Dynamics of perceived exertion in constant-power cycling: Time- and workload-dependent thresholds. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 86, 371\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02701367.2015.1078870 (2015).","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"62664_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2316-x","volume":"112","author":"K Levels","year":"2012","unstructured":"Levels, K., de Koning, J. J., Foster, C. & Daanen, H. A. M. The effect of skin temperature on performance during a 7.5-km cycling time trial. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 112, 3387\u20133395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-012-2316-x (2012).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"62664_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.101733","volume":"574","author":"R Tucker","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tucker, R., Marle, T., Lambert, E. V. & Noakes, T. D. The rate of heat storage mediates an anticipatory reduction in exercise intensity during cycling at a fixed rating of perceived exertion. J. Physiol. 574, 905\u2013915. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.101733 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"62664_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.11.019","volume":"258","author":"D Filingeri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Filingeri, D., Redortier, B., Hodder, S. & Havenith, G. Thermal and tactile interactions in the perception of local skin wetness at rest and during exercise in thermo-neutral and warm environments. Neuroscience 258, 121\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.11.019 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"62664_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kocur, M. et al. Sweating avatars decrease perceived exertion and increase perceived endurance while cycling in virtual reality. In Proceedings of the 28th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, VRST \u201922, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3562939.3565628 (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA) (2022).","DOI":"10.1145\/3562939.3565628"},{"key":"62664_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grace, B., Selinger, S., Wintersberger, P. & Kocur, M. Investigating the effects of sweating avatars on physiological and perceptual responses during low- and high-intensity cycling in virtual reality. In Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA \u201925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3706599.3720070 (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA) (2025).","DOI":"10.1145\/3706599.3720070"},{"key":"62664_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2024.103907","volume":"123","author":"WM Janu\u00e1rio","year":"2024","unstructured":"Janu\u00e1rio, W. M. et al. Validity and reproducibility of the calera research sensor to estimate core temperature at different intensities of a cycling exercise in the heat. J. Therm. Biol. 123, 103907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2024.103907 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-62664-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-62664-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-62664-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T09:56:23Z","timestamp":1786355783000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-62664-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["62664"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-62664-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"24716"}}