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This study evaluated whether biochar\u2013biostimulant combinations could improve mungbean (\n                    <jats:italic>Vigna radiata<\/jats:italic>\n                    L.) performance under reduced NPK fertilization. A polytunnel pot experiment was conducted using a completely randomized 2\u2009\u00d7\u20094 factorial design with two NPK levels, 100% and 50% of the recommended dose, and four treatments: biochar alone, biochar\u2009+\u2009humic acid, biochar\u2009+\u2009\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and biochar\u2009+\u2009\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas fluorescens<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Biostimulant addition to biochar improved plant growth, pigment status, and antioxidant response, with the strongest responses observed under reduced NPK supply. Under 50% NPK, biochar\u2009+\u2009\n                    <jats:italic>P. fluorescens<\/jats:italic>\n                    increased grain yield by approximately 90% compared with biochar alone and maintained grain yield (4.00\u00a0g plant\u207b\u00b9) comparable to the 100% NPK biochar-only control (3.85\u00a0g plant\u207b\u00b9). It also enhanced nodulation, increased total chlorophyll by approximately 60%, and reduced malondialdehyde by approximately 50%. Grain weight was positively associated with nodule number and ascorbic acid content and negatively associated with H\u2082O\u2082 content. These findings support biochar-assisted\n                    <jats:italic>P. fluorescens<\/jats:italic>\n                    supplementation as a promising strategy for sustaining mungbean productivity under reduced NPK input, warranting further field validation for broader applicability.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-63172-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T02:53:29Z","timestamp":1785380009000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biochar-biostimulant combinations enhance nodulation, yield, and antioxidant defense in mungbean under reduced NPK fertilization"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mehedi","family":"Amin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. 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