{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:03:22Z","timestamp":1790136202179,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009367","name":"Mansoura University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009367","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The widespread use of antibiotics in poultry production raises concerns about drug residues in chicken tissues and associated public health risks. Chicken tissue samples (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009180; 60 each from breast, thigh, and liver) were purchased from various poultry shops in Egypt and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Residues of enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, and sulfadimidine were detected in 51.67% (93\/180), 71.67% (129\/180), and 16.67% (30\/180) of chicken samples, respectively. Interestingly, 54.84% (51\/93) of enrofloxacin-positive samples, 55.81% (72\/129) of oxytetracycline-positive samples, and 70% (21\/30) of sulfadimidine-positive samples exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs). Among the 180 samples of each of chicken breast, thigh, and liver samples, 5% of each tissue type contained the three antibiotics tested, while 40% of chicken breasts and 50% of both thighs and liver samples contained two of the three antibiotics. HPLC analysis revealed mean concentrations of 90.4, 317.7, and 573.3\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg for enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, and sulfadimidine, respectively, in chicken breasts; 161.5, 964.1, and 47, respectively, in chicken thighs; and 1707.3, 10,625, and 3848.1, respectively, in livers. The estimated daily intake (EDI) for antibiotics analyzed in chicken tissue among consumers was between 0.012 and 0.590\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg body weight\/day. The Hazard quotient (HQ) values of enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, and sulfadimidine ranged between 0.0006 and 0.050 for schoolchildren, 0.0003 and 0.022 for women, and 0.0002 and 0.021 for men, respectively. Among the different age groups of the Egyptian consumers, schoolchildren had the highest daily intake and hazard quotient values of antibiotic residues from chicken tissue. The HQ values for tested antibiotics indicated no significant health risk for either adults or children, although children showed relatively higher values. Overall, the findings highlight the need for strict antibiotic monitoring, with consideration of their withdrawal periods in the veterinary field, to ensure food safety and to protect public health.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-63227-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T19:34:32Z","timestamp":1785353672000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Health risk assessment of enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, and sulfadimidine residues in broiler chicken carcasses marketed in Mit Ghamr, Egypt"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sherine Mohsen","family":"Noah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir Mohammed","family":"Abd-Elghany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3435-9436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid Ibrahim","family":"Sallam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"63227_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2006-00398","volume":"87","author":"S Jaturasitha","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jaturasitha, S., Srikanchai, T., Kreuzer, M. & Wicke, M. Differences in carcass and meat characteristics between chicken indigenous to northern Thailand (Black-boned and Thai native) and imported extensive breeds (Bresse and Rhode Island Red). Poult. Sci. 87 (1), 160\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3382\/ps.2006-00398 (2008).","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"63227_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-13-42","volume":"13","author":"D Mili\u0107evi\u0107","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mili\u0107evi\u0107, D. et al. The role of total fats, saturated\/unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol content in chicken meat as cardiovascular risk factors. Lipids Health Dis. 13 (1), 42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1476-511X-13-42 (2014).","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"63227_CR3","first-page":"43","volume":"1","author":"Z Derakhshan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Derakhshan, Z. et al. Removal methods of antibiotic compounds from aqueous environments\u2013a review. J. Environ. Health Sustain. Dev. 1 (1), 43\u201362 (2016). https:\/\/jehsd.ssu.ac.ir\/article-1-26-en.pdf","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health Sustain. Dev."},{"issue":"5","key":"63227_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12379","volume":"40","author":"T Rairat","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rairat, T. et al. Plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue depletion of cyromazine and its metabolite melamine following oral administration in laying chickens. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 40 (5), 459\u2013467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvp.12379 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"63227_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-019-02360-0","volume":"20","author":"J Muhammad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Muhammad, J. et al. Antibiotics in poultry manure and their associated health issues: a systematic review. J. Soils Sediments. 20 (1), 486\u2013497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11368-019-02360-0 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"issue":"2","key":"63227_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2023.101060","volume":"18","author":"Z Ardakani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ardakani, Z., Aragrande, M. & Canali, M. Global antimicrobial use in livestock farming: an estimate for cattle, chickens, and pigs. Animal 18 (2), 101060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.animal.2023.101060 (2024).","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"63227_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2017.09.036","volume":"1521","author":"F Barreto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barreto, F., Ribeiro, C. B., Hoff, R. B. & Dalla Costa, T. Development and validation of a high-throughput method for determination of nine fluoroquinolones residues in muscle of different animal species by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry with low temperature clean up. J. Chromatogr. A. 1521, 131\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chroma.2017.09.036 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"issue":"16","key":"63227_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201700159","volume":"38","author":"J Peris-Vicente","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peris-Vicente, J., Tayeb\u2010Cherif, K., Carda\u2010Broch, S. & Esteve\u2010Romero, J. Validation of a procedure to quantify oxolinic acid, danofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin in selected meats by micellar liquid chromatography according to EU Commission Decision 2002\/657\/EC. Electrophoresis 38 (16), 2011\u20132017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/elps.201700159 (2017).","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"issue":"23","key":"63227_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6081","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-019-01993-x","volume":"411","author":"R Chaowana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chaowana, R. & Bunkoed, O. A nanocomposite probe of polydopamine\/molecularly imprinted polymer\/quantum dots for trace sarafloxacin detection in chicken meat. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 411 (23), 6081\u20136090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00216-019-01993-x (2019).","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"63227_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2012.11.017","volume":"35","author":"M Slana","year":"2013","unstructured":"Slana, M. & Dolenc, M. S. Environmental risk assessment of antimicrobials applied in veterinary medicine\u2014a field study and laboratory approach. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 35 (1), 131\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.etap.2012.11.017 (2013).","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"63227_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/19393210.2012.655782","volume":"5","author":"F\u0130GEN Cetinkaya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cetinkaya, F. \u0130. G. E. N. et al. Determination of tetracycline residues in chicken meat by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit. Contamin. Part. B. 5 (1), 45\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19393210.2012.655782 (2012).","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contamin. Part. B"},{"issue":"4","key":"63227_CR12","first-page":"395","volume":"24","author":"HZ \u015eenyuva","year":"2000","unstructured":"\u015eenyuva, H. Z., \u00d6zden, T. & Sarica, D. Y. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of oxytetracycline residue in cured meat products. Turk. J. Chem. 24 (4), 395\u2013400 (2000). https:\/\/journals.tubitak.gov.tr\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=3025&context=chem","journal-title":"Turk. J. Chem."},{"key":"63227_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3923\/ijp.2005.249.251","volume":"1","author":"MH Al-Nazawi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Al-Nazawi, M. H. & Homeida, A. M. Residues of sulphadimidine and its metabolite N-acetyl in camel milk. Int. J. Pharmacol. 1, 249\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3923\/ijp.2005.249.251 (2005).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"63227_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2001120","volume":"32","author":"S Schwarz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schwarz, S. & Chaslus-Dancla, E. Use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine and mechanisms of resistance. Vet. Res. 32 (3\u20134), 201\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/vetres:2001120 (2001).","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"63227_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2007.02.008","volume":"6","author":"D Barcel\u00f3","year":"2007","unstructured":"Barcel\u00f3, D. Pharmaceutical-residue analysis. TRAC Trends Anal. Chem. 6, 454\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trac.2007.02.008 (2007).","journal-title":"TRAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"63227_CR16","first-page":"11","volume":"44","author":"A Kirbi\u0161","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kirbi\u0161, A. Microbiological screening method for detection of aminoglycosides, \u03b2-lactames, macrolides, tetracyclines and quinolones in meat samples. Slov. Vet. Res. 44 (1\/2), 11\u201318 (2007).","journal-title":"Slov. Vet. Res."},{"key":"63227_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.033","volume":"125","author":"M Bacanl\u0131","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bacanl\u0131, M. & Ba\u015faran, N. Importance of antibiotic residues in animal food. Food Chem. Toxicol. 125, 462\u2013466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.033 (2019).","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"issue":"6","key":"63227_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70049","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70049","volume":"10","author":"YM Mesfin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mesfin, Y. M., Mitiku, B. A. & Tamrat Admasu, H. Veterinary drug residues in food products of animal origin and their public health consequences: A review. Vet. Med. Sci. 10 (6), e70049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.70049 (2024).","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"63227_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2016.1212874","volume":"20","author":"MD Mund","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mund, M. D., Khan, U. H., Tahir, U., Mustafa, B. E. & Fayyaz, A. Antimicrobial drug residues in poultry products and implications on public health: A review. Int. J. Food Prop. 20 (7), 1433\u20131446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10942912.2016.1212874 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"issue":"12","key":"63227_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.5455\/vetworld.2008.375-377","volume":"1","author":"AR Nisha","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nisha, A. R. Antibiotic residues-a global health hazard. Vet. World. 1 (12), 375\u2013377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/vetworld.2008.375-377 (2008).","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"issue":"3","key":"63227_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/10408410591005110","volume":"31","author":"TM Wassenaar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wassenaar, T. M. Use of antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine and implications for human health. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 31 (3), 155\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408410591005110 (2005).","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"63227_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Klein, E. Y. et al. Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 115(15), 3463\u20133470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1717295115 (2018).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1717295115"},{"key":"63227_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13061","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b03623","volume":"51","author":"PJ Vikesland","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vikesland, P. J. et al. Toward a comprehensive strategy to mitigate dissemination of environmental sources of antibiotic resistance. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51, 13061\u201313069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.7b03623 (2017).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"63227_CR24","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Antimicrobial resistance. (2023). https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/antimicrobial-resistance"},{"key":"63227_CR25","unstructured":"Codex Alimentarius Commission. Maximum residue limits (MRLs) and risk management recommendations (RMRs) for residues of veterinary drugs in foods. (2024). https:\/\/www.fao.org\/fao-who-codexalimentarius\/sh-proxy\/hu\/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FStandards%252FCXM%2B2%252FMRL2e.pdf"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"63227_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(02)01446-2","volume":"987","author":"AL Cinquina","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cinquina, A. L., Longo, F., Anastasi, G., Giannetti, L. & Cozzani, R. Validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline and doxycycline in bovine milk and muscle. J. Chromatogr. A. 987 (1\u20132), 227\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9673(02)01446-2 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"issue":"4","key":"63227_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/88.4.1179","volume":"88","author":"E Verdon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Verdon, E., Couedor, P., Roudaut, B. & Sand\u00e9rs, P. Multiresidue method for simultaneous determination of ten quinolone antibacterial residues in multimatrix\/multispecies animal tissues by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection: Single laboratory validation study. J. AOAC Int. 88 (4), 1179\u20131192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jaoac\/88.4.1179 (2005).","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"63227_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2020.05.002","volume":"9","author":"J Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma, J. et al. Rapid analysis of fifteen sulfonamide residues in pork and fish samples by automated on-line solid phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry. Food Sci. Hum. Wellness. 9 (4), 363\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fshw.2020.05.002 (2020).","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"63227_CR29","first-page":"8","volume":"50","author":"European Commission","year":"2002","unstructured":"European Commission. Commission Decision 2002\/657\/EC of 12 August 2002 implementing Council Directive 96\/23\/EC concerning the performance of analytical methods and the interpretation of results. Official J. Eur. Communities. 50, 8\u201336 (2002). http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/dec\/2002\/657\/oj","journal-title":"Official J. Eur. Communities"},{"key":"63227_CR30","unstructured":"ICH. International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Validation of analytical procedures: Text and methodology Q2 (R1), 1(20), 05. Retrieved November 21, 2022, from (2005). https:\/\/database.ich.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Q2%28R1%29%20Guideline.pdf"},{"key":"63227_CR31","unstructured":"JECFA & WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Joint FAO\/ (2002). Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food: Fifty-eighth report of the Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (WHO Technical Report Series No. 911). World Health Organization (2002)."},{"key":"63227_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2011.11.036","volume":"730","author":"D Moema","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moema, D., Nindi, M. M. & Dube, S. Development of a dispersive liquid\u2013liquid microextraction method for the determination of fluoroquinolones in chicken liver by high performance liquid chromatography. Anal. Chim. Acta. 730, 80\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aca.2011.11.036 (2012).","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"63227_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2023.109667","volume":"148","author":"C Chandrakar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chandrakar, C., Shakya, S., Patyal, A., Bhonsle, D. & Pandey, A. K. Detection of antibiotic residues in chicken meat from different agro-climatic zones of Chhattisgarh, India by HPLC-PDA and human exposure assessment and risk characterization. Food Control. 148, 109667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodcont.2023.109667 (2023).","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"63227_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haque, S. et al. Health risk assessment of ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and oxytetracycline residues in raw, frozen, and boiled broiler chicken available in a local area of Bangladesh. Front. Antibiot. 3, 1364946. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frabi.2024.1364946 (2024).","DOI":"10.3389\/frabi.2024.1364946"},{"key":"63227_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aslam, B. et al. Determination of enrofloxacin residues in commercial broilers using high performance liquid chromatography. Int. J. Food Propert. 19(11), 2463\u20132470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10942912.2015.1027922 (2016).","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2015.1027922"},{"issue":"2","key":"63227_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2018.e257","volume":"5","author":"YA Sarker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sarker, Y. A. et al. Screening of antibiotic residues in chicken meat in Bangladesh by thin layer chromatography. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res. 5 (2), 140\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/javar.2018.e257 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"63227_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2016.1143566","volume":"33","author":"PHN Panzenhagen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Panzenhagen, P. H. N. et al. Investigation of enrofloxacin residues in broiler tissues using ELISA and LC-MS\/MS. Food Addit. Contamin. Part. A. 33 (4), 639\u2013643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19440049.2016.1143566 (2016).","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contamin. Part. A"},{"issue":"6","key":"63227_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-3819-0","volume":"397","author":"A Pena","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pena, A., Silva, L. J. G., Pereira, A. M. P. T., Meisel, L. & Lino, C. M. Determination of fluoroquinolone residues in poultry muscle in Portugal. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 397 (6), 2615\u20132621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00216-010-3819-0 (2010).","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"63227_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8020069","volume":"8","author":"A Jammoul","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jammoul, A. & El Darra, N. Evaluation of antibiotic residues in chicken meat samples in Lebanon. Antibiotics 8 (2), 69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics8020069 (2019).","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"5","key":"63227_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.5851\/kosfa.2018.e39","volume":"38","author":"HJ Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee, H. J., Cho, S. H., Shin, D. & Kang, H. S. Prevalence of antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance in isolates of chicken meat in Korea. Korean J. Food Sci. Anim. Resour. 38 (5), 1055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5851\/kosfa.2018.e39 (2018).","journal-title":"Korean J. Food Sci. Anim. Resour."},{"key":"63227_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fei, Z. et al. Antibiotic residues in chicken meat in China: Occurrence and cumulative health risk assessment. J. Food Compos. Anal. 116, 105082. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfca.2022.105082 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2022.105082"},{"issue":"4","key":"63227_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3923\/pjn.2007.409.413","volume":"6","author":"F Salehzadeh","year":"2007","unstructured":"Salehzadeh, F., Salehzadeh, A., Rokni, N., Madani, R. & Golchinefar, F. Enrofloxacin residue in chicken tissues from Tehran slaughterhouses in Iran. Pak. J. Nutr. 6 (4), 409\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3923\/pjn.2007.409.413 (2007).","journal-title":"Pak. J. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"63227_CR43","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"S Marni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marni, S., Mustafa, A. M. & Marzura, M. R. Analysis of quinolones in poultry muscles using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Malays. J. Vet. Res. 2 (1), 1\u201315 (2011). https:\/\/research.dvs.gov.my\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/1-6.pdf","journal-title":"Malays. J. Vet. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"63227_CR44","first-page":"234","volume":"12","author":"FA Khalafalla","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khalafalla, F. A., Basta, S., Hamed, E. & Hassan, A. H. Antimicrobial residues in chicken meat, giblet, and skin with referring to maximum residue limits. J. Adv. Vet. Res. 12 (3), 234\u2013240 (2022). https:\/\/www.advetresearch.com\/index.php\/AVR\/article\/view\/962","journal-title":"J. Adv. Vet. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"63227_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.32707\/ercivet.477315","volume":"15","author":"E Arslanba\u015f","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arslanba\u015f, E. Determination of some antibiotic residues by HPLC method in chicken meats prepared for consumption. Erciyes \u00dcniversitesi Veteriner Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi. 15 (3), 247\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32707\/ercivet.477315 (2018).","journal-title":"Erciyes \u00dcniversitesi Veteriner Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi"},{"key":"63227_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2025.111357","volume":"176","author":"HM Bakr","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bakr, H. M., Hassan, A. M., Youssef, A. E. K. & Aly, W. A. Culinary mitigation and safety assessment of oxytetracycline residues in chicken meat from Assiut, Egypt. Food Control. 176, 111357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodcont.2025.111357 (2025).","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"issue":"2","key":"63227_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1080\/19393210.2011.585245","volume":"4","author":"NA Salama","year":"2011","unstructured":"Salama, N. A., Abou-Raya, S. H., Shalaby, A. R., Emam, W. H. & Mehaya, F. M. Incidence of tetracycline residues in chicken meat and liver retailed to consumers. Food Addit. Contamin. Part. B. 4 (2), 88\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19393210.2011.585245 (2011).","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contamin. Part. B"},{"issue":"1","key":"63227_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2024.v14.i1.40","volume":"14","author":"HM Kamouh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kamouh, H. M., Abdallah, R., Kirrella, G. A., Mostafa, N. Y. & Shafik, S. Assessment of antibiotic residues in chicken meat. Open. Vet. J. 14 (1), 438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/OVJ.2024.v14.i1.40 (2024).","journal-title":"Open. Vet. J."},{"issue":"4S","key":"63227_CR49","first-page":"155","volume":"10","author":"MK Verma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Verma, M. K., Ahmad, A. H., Pant, D. & Patwal, P. C. Evaluation of oxytetracycline residues in chicken meat samples by HPLC. Pharma Innov. J. 10 (4S), 155\u2013157 (2021). https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/357827513_Evaluation_of_Oxytetracycline_residues_in_Chicken_Meat_Samples_by_HPLC","journal-title":"Pharma Innov. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"63227_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.21608\/ejceh.2016.254334","volume":"2","author":"AM Ahmed","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ahmed, A. M. & Gareib, M. M. Detection of some antibiotics residues in chicken meat and chicken luncheon. Egypt. J. Chem. Environ. Health. 2 (2), 315\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/ejceh.2016.254334 (2016).","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Chem. Environ. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"63227_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.21608\/jcvr.2025.421722","volume":"7","author":"AE Razik","year":"2025","unstructured":"Razik, A. E., Shawish, E. G., Bayoumi, R. R. E. & Bahlol, E. E. H. Assessment of some antibiotic residues in poultry meat. J. Curr. Veterinary Res. 7 (1), 91\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/jcvr.2025.421722 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Curr. Veterinary Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"63227_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3126\/ijasbt.v8i3.31314","volume":"8","author":"TR Gompo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gompo, T. R., Sapkota, R., Subedi, M., Koirala, P. & Bhatta, D. D. Monitoring of antibiotic residues in chicken meat, Cow and Buffalo milk samples in Nepal. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. 8 (3), 355\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3126\/ijasbt.v8i3.31314 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"63227_CR53","first-page":"1","volume":"27","author":"AS Kamel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kamel, A. S., Ahmed, A. M., Abdou, R. H. & Shaheen, H. M. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of antibiotic residues in broiler meat. SCVMJ 27 (1), 1\u201313 (2022). https:\/\/albayanres.com\/library\/book\/download\/1744973372Qualitative%20and%20quantitative%20evaluation%20of%20antibiotic%20residues%20in%20broiler%20meat.pdf","journal-title":"SCVMJ"},{"key":"63227_CR54","unstructured":"European Union. Commission Regulation (EU) 37\/2010 of 22 December 2009 on pharmacologically active substances and their classification regarding maximum residue limits in foodstuffs of animal origin (as amended). Official J. Eur. Union (2010). https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=celex%3A32010R0037"},{"issue":"2","key":"63227_CR55","first-page":"473","volume":"22","author":"M Mehtabuddin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mehtabuddin, M. et al. Sulfonamide residues determination in commercial poultry meat and eggs. J. Anim. Plant. Sci. 22 (2), 473\u2013478 (2012). https:\/\/www.thejaps.org.pk\/docs\/v-22-2\/39.pdf","journal-title":"J. Anim. Plant. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"63227_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9101479","volume":"9","author":"D Kyriakides","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kyriakides, D. et al. Dietary exposure assessment of veterinary antibiotics in pork meat on children and adolescents in Cyprus. Foods 9 (10), 1479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods9101479 (2020).","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"5","key":"63227_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10050534","volume":"10","author":"FM Treiber","year":"2021","unstructured":"Treiber, F. M. & Beranek-Knauer, H. Antimicrobial residues in food from animal origin\u2014A review of the literature focusing on products collected in stores and markets worldwide. Antibiotics 10 (5), 534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics10050534 (2021).","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"63227_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumari, M. & Kumar, A. Human health risk assessment of antibiotics in binary mixtures for finished drinking water. Chemosphere 240, Article 124864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124864 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124864"},{"key":"63227_CR59","unstructured":"JECFA & WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food: Forty-eight Meeting of the Joint FAO\/. WHO Technical Report Series No. 39. Retrieved January 28, 2026 (1997). https:\/\/www.fao.org\/food\/food-safety-quality\/scientific-advice\/jecfa\/jecfa-vetdrugs\/details\/en\/c\/63\/. https:\/\/www.inchem.org\/documents\/jecfa\/jeceval\/jec_691.htm"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-63227-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-63227-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-63227-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T17:34:36Z","timestamp":1785519276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-63227-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["63227"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-63227-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"23570"}}