{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T11:01:04Z","timestamp":1784804464993,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-63258-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T09:35:25Z","timestamp":1784799325000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of the sulfur microbial diet with metabolic profile, gut-related biomarkers, and adiposity indicators in adults with overweight and obesity"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Amr Ali Mohamed Abdelgawwad","family":"El-Sehrawy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismail","family":"Kandil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gehad Mohsen","family":"ELmazny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsayed A.","family":"Eid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherif M","family":"Yusuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansuor A.","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safa","family":"Labib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taghreed Saud M","family":"Almansouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rufaida","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M","family":"Salah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"63258_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0176-8","volume":"15","author":"M Bl\u00fcher","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bl\u00fcher, M. Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat. reviews Endocrinol. 15 (5), 288\u2013298 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. reviews Endocrinol."},{"issue":"6150","key":"63258_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241214","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241214","volume":"341","author":"VK Ridaura","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ridaura, V. K. et al. Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice. Science 341 (6150), 1241214 (2013).","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"63258_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.07.008","volume":"161","author":"LH Nguyen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nguyen, L. H. et al. The sulfur microbial diet is associated with increased risk of early-onset colorectal cancer precursors. Gastroenterology 161 (5), 1423\u20131432 (2021). e4.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"63258_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00448","volume":"3","author":"F Carbonero","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carbonero, F., Benefiel, A. C., Alizadeh-Ghamsari, A. H. & Gaskins, H. R. Microbial pathways in colonic sulfur metabolism and links with health and disease. Front. Physiol. 3, 448 (2012).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"63258_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13680","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13680","volume":"52","author":"I Mateus","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mateus, I. & Prip-Buus, C. Hydrogen sulphide in liver glucose\/lipid metabolism and non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 52 (3), e13680 (2022).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"7","key":"63258_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020422900702","volume":"229","author":"MM Huycke","year":"2004","unstructured":"Huycke, M. M. & Gaskins, H. R. Commensal bacteria, redox stress, and colorectal cancer: mechanisms and models. Experimental biology Med. 229 (7), 586\u2013597 (2004).","journal-title":"Experimental biology Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"63258_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.03.011","volume":"42","author":"X Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, X. et al. The sulfur microbial diet and increased risk of obesity: findings from a population-based prospective cohort study. Clin. Nutr. 42 (5), 764\u2013772 (2023).","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"11","key":"63258_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2134308","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.34308","volume":"4","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Association between the sulfur microbial diet and risk of colorectal cancer. JAMA Netw. Open. 4 (11), e2134308\u2013e (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open."},{"issue":"2","key":"63258_CR9","first-page":"203","volume":"28","author":"M Carabotti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carabotti, M., Scirocco, A., Maselli, M. A. & Severi, C. The gut-brain axis: interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems. Annals gastroenterology: Q. publication Hellenic Soc. Gastroenterol. 28 (2), 203 (2015).","journal-title":"Annals gastroenterology: Q. publication Hellenic Soc. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"7","key":"63258_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1491","volume":"56","author":"PD Cani","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cani, P. D. et al. Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes 56 (7), 1761\u20131772 (2007).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"4","key":"63258_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.07.026","volume":"22","author":"R Caesar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Caesar, R., Tremaroli, V., Kovatcheva-Datchary, P., Cani, P. D. & B\u00e4ckhed, F. Crosstalk between gut microbiota and dietary lipids aggravates WAT inflammation through TLR signaling. Cell Metabol. 22 (4), 658\u2013668 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell Metabol."},{"issue":"1","key":"63258_CR12","first-page":"289645","volume":"2010","author":"R Monteiro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Monteiro, R. & Azevedo, I. Chronic inflammation in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Mediat. Inflamm. 2010 (1), 289645 (2010).","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"issue":"2","key":"63258_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.2.8593794","volume":"137","author":"E Nisoli","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nisoli, E., Tonello, C., Benarese, M., Liberini, P. & Carruba, M. Expression of nerve growth factor in brown adipose tissue: implications for thermogenesis and obesity. Endocrinology 137 (2), 495\u2013503 (1996).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"63258_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149618","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1149618","volume":"14","author":"R Solanki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Solanki, R., Karande, A. & Ranganathan, P. Emerging role of gut microbiota dysbiosis in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Front. Neurol. 14, 1149618 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"63258_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.11.012","volume":"119","author":"Z Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Huang, H., Ruan, J., Wang, Z. & Xu, C. The sulfur microbial diet and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a prospective gene\u2013diet study from the UK Biobank. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 119 (2), 417\u2013424 (2024).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"63258_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00eak\u00ea, L. et al. Body mass index and childhood obesity classification systems: A comparison of the French, International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) and World Health Organization (WHO) references. Revue d\u2019epidemiologie et de sante publique. ;63(3):173\u2009\u2013\u200982. (2015).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respe.2014.11.003"},{"issue":"4","key":"63258_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","volume":"41","author":"F Faul","year":"2009","unstructured":"Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A. & Lang, A-G. Statistical power analyses using G* Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav. Res. Methods. 41 (4), 1149\u20131160 (2009).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"63258_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1177\/02601060231224010","volume":"31","author":"AA Almulla","year":"2025","unstructured":"Almulla, A. A., Ahmed, L. A., Hesselink, A., Augustin, H. & B\u00e4rebring, L. The relative validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire among pregnant women in the United Arab Emirates: The Mutaba\u2019ah study. Nutr. Health. 31 (2), 689\u2013700 (2025).","journal-title":"Nutr. Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"63258_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB","volume":"35","author":"CL Craig","year":"2003","unstructured":"Craig, C. L. et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12- country reliability and validity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 35 (8), 1381\u20131395 (2003).","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"63258_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.4.1220S","volume":"65","author":"WC Willett","year":"1997","unstructured":"Willett, W. C., Howe, G. R. & Kushi, L. H. Adjustment for total energy intake in epidemiologic studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 65 (4 Suppl), 1220S\u20138S (1997). discussion 9S-31S.","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"63258_CR21","unstructured":"Kleinbaum D, Kupper L, Nizam A, Rosenberg E. Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariable Methods Cengage Learning;; 2013."},{"issue":"1","key":"63258_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-200202000-00002","volume":"13","author":"FB Hu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hu, F. B. Dietary pattern analysis: a new direction in nutritional epidemiology. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 13 (1), 3\u20139 (2002).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"issue":"1","key":"63258_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3945\/an.114.007492","volume":"6","author":"A Satija","year":"2015","unstructured":"Satija, A., Yu, E., Willett, W. C. & Hu, F. B. Understanding Nutritional Epidemiology and Its Role in Policy. Adv. Nutr. 6 (1), 5\u201318 (2015).","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"63258_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willett, W. Nutritional Epidemiology: Oxford University Press; 24 Jan 2013. (2012).","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199754038.001.0001"},{"issue":"2","key":"63258_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018585","volume":"133","author":"D Mozaffarian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mozaffarian, D. Dietary and policy priorities for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity: a comprehensive review. Circulation 133 (2), 187\u2013225 (2016).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"63258_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-012-0380-y","volume":"51","author":"H Boeing","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boeing, H. et al. Critical review: vegetables and fruit in the prevention of chronic diseases. Eur. J. Nutr. 51 (6), 637\u2013663 (2012).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"issue":"5","key":"63258_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0246-y","volume":"32","author":"L Schwingshackl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schwingshackl, L. et al. Food groups and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 32 (5), 363\u2013375 (2017).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"63258_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14030305","volume":"14","author":"VJ Clemente-Su\u00e1rez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Clemente-Su\u00e1rez, V. J. et al. Personalizing nutrition strategies: bridging research and public health. J. personalized Med. 14 (3), 305 (2024).","journal-title":"J. personalized Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"63258_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.0947","volume":"317","author":"R Micha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Micha, R. et al. Association between dietary factors and mortality from heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes in the United States. Jama 317 (9), 912\u2013924 (2017).","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"12","key":"63258_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4305","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124305","volume":"13","author":"KS Petersen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Petersen, K. S. & Kris-Etherton, P. M. Diet quality assessment and the relationship between diet quality and cardiovascular disease risk. Nutrients 13 (12), 4305 (2021).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"63258_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liese AD, Krebs-Smith SM, Subar AF, George SM, Harmon BE, Neuhouser ML, et al. The Dietary Patterns Methods Project: Synthesis of Findings across Cohorts and Relevance to Dietary Guidance\u2009<\u2009sup>1\u20134. The Journal of Nutrition. 2015;145(3):393\u2013402.","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.205336"},{"issue":"8","key":"63258_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-2197","volume":"34","author":"MI Lassenius","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lassenius, M. I. et al. Bacterial endotoxin activity in human serum is associated with dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, obesity, and chronic inflammation. Diabetes Care. 34 (8), 1809\u20131815 (2011).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"63258_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3627","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0451","volume":"36","author":"M Tr\u00f8seid","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tr\u00f8seid, M. et al. Plasma lipopolysaccharide is closely associated with glycemic control and abdominal obesity: evidence from bariatric surgery. Diabetes Care. 36 (11), 3627\u20133632 (2013).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"63258_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6511","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06885-7","volume":"7","author":"AJ Ahola","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ahola, A. J. et al. Dietary patterns reflecting healthy food choices are associated with lower serum LPS activity. Sci. Rep. 7 (1), 6511 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"9","key":"63258_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.06.011","volume":"28","author":"AA Ziegenhorn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ziegenhorn, A. A. et al. Serum neurotrophins\u2014A study on the time course and influencing factors in a large old age sample. Neurobiol. Aging. 28 (9), 1436\u20131445 (2007).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"63258_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2025.200333","volume":"41","author":"Z Nikniaz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nikniaz, Z., Mahdavi, R., Bakhtiari, Z. & Masnadi Shirazi, K. There was an association between sulfur microbial diet score and ulcerative colitis severity: the result of a cross-sectional study. Hum. Nutr. Metabolism. 41, 200333 (2025).","journal-title":"Hum. Nutr. Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"63258_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-024-01035-y","volume":"23","author":"X Ren","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ren, X. et al. Association between sulfur microbial diet and the risk of esophageal cancer: a prospective cohort study in 101,752 American adults. Nutr. J. 23 (1), 139 (2024).","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"63258_CR38","unstructured":"El Moghrabi, A. Alcohol Consumption among Arabs in the United Arab Emirates. (2024)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-63258-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-63258-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-63258-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T10:05:39Z","timestamp":1784801139000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-63258-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["63258"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-63258-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all of the participants. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Mansoura University (R.26.02.3600). Also, all methods were performed in accordance with Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"23082"}}