{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T17:26:36Z","timestamp":1793985996211,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":92,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Council of Science and Technology","award":["CRC22015-500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRC22015-500"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/058rymf81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-63302-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T12:36:33Z","timestamp":1784637393000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex-specific predictors of lower-limb strength: an interpretable machine learning analysis of anthropometric and body composition measures"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jae-Hwan","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Ju","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Ho","family":"So","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeheon","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5635-9906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sungmin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"63302_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0486-0","volume":"46","author":"TJ Suchomel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Suchomel, T. J., Nimphius, S. & Stone, M. H. The importance of muscular strength in athletic performance. Sports Med. 46, 1419\u20131449 (2016).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"63302_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.22540\/JFSF-03-066","volume":"3","author":"M Hillsdon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hillsdon, M. & Foster, C. What are the health benefits of muscle and bone strengthening and balance activities across life stages and specific health outcomes? J. Frailty Sarcopenia Falls. 3, 66 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Frailty Sarcopenia Falls"},{"key":"63302_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181b2b8aa","volume":"23","author":"JM McBride","year":"2009","unstructured":"McBride, J. M. et al. Relationship between maximal squat strength and five, ten, and forty yard sprint times. J. Strength. Cond Res. 23, 1633\u20131636 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond Res."},{"key":"63302_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0227-1","volume":"44","author":"LB Seitz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Seitz, L. B., Reyes, A., Tran, T. T., de Villarreal, E. S. & Haff, G. G. Increases in lower-body strength transfer positively to sprint performance: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Med. 44, 1693\u20131702 (2014).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"63302_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.5.1991","volume":"89","author":"PG Weyand","year":"2000","unstructured":"Weyand, P. G., Sternlight, D. B., Bellizzi, M. J. & Wright, S. Faster top running speeds are achieved with greater ground forces not more rapid leg movements. J. Appl. Physiol. 89, 1991\u20131999 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"63302_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2002.002071","volume":"38","author":"U Wisl\u00f8ff","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wisl\u00f8ff, U., Castagna, C., Helgerud, J., Jones, R. & Hoff, J. Strong correlation of maximal squat strength with sprint performance and vertical jump height in elite soccer players. Br. J. Sports Med. 38, 285\u2013288 (2004).","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"63302_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31825e1d31","volume":"44","author":"DP LaRoche","year":"2012","unstructured":"LaRoche, D. P., Cook, S. B. & Mackala, K. Strength asymmetry increases gait asymmetry and variability in older women. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 44, 2172 (2012).","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"63302_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1159\/000443390","volume":"62","author":"S Cheng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cheng, S. et al. What makes a 97-year-old man cycle 5000 km a year? Gerontology 62, 508\u2013512 (2016).","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"63302_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2007.04752.x","volume":"34","author":"JA Faulkner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faulkner, J. A., Larkin, L. M., Claflin, D. R. & Brooks, S. V. Age-related changes in the structure and function of skeletal muscles. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 34, 1091\u20131096 (2007).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"63302_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1474-9728.2003.00011.x","volume":"2","author":"O Delbono","year":"2003","unstructured":"Delbono, O. Neural control of aging skeletal muscle. Aging Cell. 2, 21\u201329 (2003).","journal-title":"Aging Cell."},{"key":"63302_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S40","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601024","volume":"54","author":"R Roubenoff","year":"2000","unstructured":"Roubenoff, R. Sarcopenia and its implications for the elderly. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 54, S40\u2013S47 (2000).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"63302_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12238","volume":"9","author":"M Tieland","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tieland, M., Trouwborst, I. & Clark, B. C. Skeletal muscle performance and ageing. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 9, 3\u201319 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"63302_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2013.02.012","volume":"48","author":"R Nilwik","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nilwik, R. et al. The decline in skeletal muscle mass with aging is mainly attributed to a reduction in type II muscle fiber size. Exp. Gerontol. 48, 492\u2013498 (2013).","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"63302_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181a9ebce","volume":"23","author":"A Nedeljkovic","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nedeljkovic, A., Mirkov, D. M., Markovic, S. & Jaric, S. Tests of muscle power output assess rapid movement performance when normalized for body size. J. Strength. Cond Res. 23, 1593\u20131605 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond Res."},{"key":"63302_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23350","volume":"46","author":"RW Bohannon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bohannon, R. W., Magasi, S. R., Bubela, D. J., Wang, Y. C. & Gershon, R. C. Grip and knee extension muscle strength reflect a common construct among adults. Muscle Nerve. 46, 555\u2013558 (2012).","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"63302_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1590\/bjpt-rbf.2014.0184","volume":"20","author":"M Dulac","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dulac, M. et al. Is handgrip strength normalized to body weight a useful tool to identify dynapenia and functional incapacity in post-menopausal women? Braz J. Phys. Ther. 20, 510\u2013516 (2016).","journal-title":"Braz J. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"63302_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M82","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/45.3.M82","volume":"45","author":"DA Kallman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kallman, D. A., Plato, C. C. & Tobin, J. D. The role of muscle loss in the age-related decline of grip strength: cross-sectional and longitudinal perspectives. J. Gerontol. 45, M82\u2013M88 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"63302_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.3390\/s25102981","volume":"25","author":"JS Hong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hong, J. S. et al. The reliability and validity of an isometric knee strength measurement device in older adult individuals. Sensors 25, 2981 (2025).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"63302_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2019.43.1.87","volume":"43","author":"WC Park","year":"2019","unstructured":"Park, W. C. et al. Introduction of Fall Risk Assessment (FRA) system and cross-sectional validation among community-dwelling older adults. Ann. Rehabil Med. 43, 87\u201395 (2019).","journal-title":"Ann. Rehabil Med."},{"key":"63302_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2025.100508","volume":"29","author":"M Kang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kang, M. et al. Effectiveness of Protein-enriched oral nutritional supplements on muscle function in middle-aged and elderly women: A randomized controlled trial. J. Nutr. Health Aging. 29, 100508 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"63302_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(96)00002-9","volume":"49","author":"JV Tu","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tu, J. V. Advantages and disadvantages of using artificial neural networks versus logistic regression for predicting medical outcomes. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 49, 1225\u20131231 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"63302_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2019.02.004","volume":"110","author":"E Christodoulou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Christodoulou, E. et al. A systematic review shows no performance benefit of machine learning over logistic regression for clinical prediction models. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 110, 12\u201322 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"63302_CR23","unstructured":"Lundberg, S. M. & Lee, S. I. A unified approach to interpreting model predictions. Adv Neural Inf. Process. Syst 30, (2017)."},{"key":"63302_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0138-9","volume":"2","author":"SM Lundberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lundberg, S. M. et al. From local explanations to global understanding with explainable AI for trees. Nat. Mach. Intel. 2, 56\u201367 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intel"},{"key":"63302_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-015-0366-z","volume":"15","author":"F Bacopoulou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bacopoulou, F., Efthymiou, V., Landis, G., Rentoumis, A. & Chrousos, G. P. Waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio reference percentiles for abdominal obesity among Greek adolescents. BMC Pediatr. 15, 50 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"63302_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2223\/JPED.1871","volume":"85","author":"MSL Sant\u2019Anna","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sant\u2019Anna, M. S. L. et al. Body fat assessment by bioelectrical impedance and its correlation with different anatomical sites used in the measurement of waist circumference in children. J. Pediatr. 85, 61\u201366 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"63302_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115101","volume":"129","author":"RM Mickey","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mickey, R. M. & Greenland, S. The impact of confounder selection criteria on effect estimation. Am. J. Epidemiol. 129, 125\u2013137 (1989).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"63302_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116813","volume":"138","author":"G Maldonado","year":"1993","unstructured":"Maldonado, G. & Greenland, S. Simulation study of confounder-selection strategies. Am. J. Epidemiol. 138, 923\u2013936 (1993).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"63302_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molnar, C. et al. General pitfalls of model-agnostic interpretation methods for machine learning models. in International workshop on extending explainable AI beyond deep models and classifiers. Springer. 39\u201368 (2020).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-04083-2_4"},{"key":"63302_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e328358d59b","volume":"24","author":"JD Walston","year":"2012","unstructured":"Walston, J. D. Sarcopenia in older adults. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 24, 623\u2013627 (2012).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"63302_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2018.07.001","volume":"20","author":"P Soysal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Soysal, P., Bulut, E. A., Yavuz, I. & Isik, A. T. Decreased basal metabolic rate can be an objective marker for sarcopenia and frailty in older males. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 20, 58\u201363 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"63302_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3911","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14193911","volume":"14","author":"L Guan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guan, L. et al. Predictive roles of basal metabolic rate and body water distribution in sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity: The link to carbohydrates. Nutrients 14, 3911 (2022).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"63302_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"B209","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.5.B209","volume":"56","author":"VA Hughes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hughes, V. A. et al. Longitudinal muscle strength changes in older adults: Influence of muscle mass, physical activity, and health. J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 56, B209\u2013B217 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"63302_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/29.3.235","volume":"29","author":"MM Samson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Samson, M. M. et al. Relationships between physical performance measures, age, height and body weight in healthy adults. Age ageing. 29, 235\u2013242 (2000).","journal-title":"Age ageing"},{"key":"63302_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1113\/JP287496","volume":"604","author":"SJ O\u2019Bryan","year":"2026","unstructured":"O\u2019Bryan, S. J., Critchlow, A., Fuchs, C. J., Hiam, D. & Lamon, S. The contribution of age and sex hormones to female neuromuscular function across the adult lifespan. J. Physiol. 604, 829\u2013848 (2026).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"63302_CR36","first-page":"1228","volume":"16","author":"BN Followay","year":"2023","unstructured":"Followay, B. N., Reierson, H. A. & Rigden, E. M. Sex differences and physical activity status on the hamstring: Quadriceps ratio, activities of daily living, and functional movement in older adults. Int. J. Exerc. Sci. 16, 1228 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"63302_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aljawini, N. A. Visceral Adiposity and Lower-Body Strength and Endurance in Women: Correlations Using BIA and the Chair Stand Test. in Healthcare. MDPI. 2767 (2025).","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13212767"},{"key":"63302_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e115407","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115407","volume":"9","author":"TN Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim, T. N. et al. Impact of visceral fat on skeletal muscle mass and vice versa in a prospective cohort study: the Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study (KSOS). PloS one. 9, e115407 (2014).","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"63302_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.25","volume":"32","author":"JC Lovejoy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lovejoy, J. C., Champagne, C., De Jonge, L., Xie, H. & Smith, S. Increased visceral fat and decreased energy expenditure during the menopausal transition. Int. J. Obes. 32, 949\u2013958 (2008).","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"63302_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200737020-00004","volume":"37","author":"JP Folland","year":"2007","unstructured":"Folland, J. P. & Williams, A. G. Morphological and neurological contributions to increased strength. Sports Med. 37, 145\u2013168 (2007).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"63302_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.1.81","volume":"89","author":"I Janssen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Janssen, I., Heymsfield, S. B., Wang, Z. & Ross, R. Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18\u201388 year. J. Appl. Physiol. 89, 81\u201388 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"63302_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765415","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.765415","volume":"12","author":"RA Merchant","year":"2021","unstructured":"Merchant, R. A. et al. Relationship of fat mass index and fat free mass index with body mass index and association with function, cognition and sarcopenia in pre-frail older adults. Front. Endocrinol. 12, 765415 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"63302_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.03.021","volume":"37","author":"M Rondanelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rondanelli, M. et al. Beyond Body Mass Index. Is the Body Cell Mass Index (BCMI) a useful prognostic factor to describe nutritional, inflammation and muscle mass status in hospitalized elderly? Body Cell Mass Index links in elderly. Clin. Nutr. 37, 934\u2013939 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"63302_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.05.021","volume":"40","author":"MIB Silva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Silva, M. I. B. et al. Accuracy of surrogate methods to estimate skeletal muscle mass in non-dialysis dependent patients with chronic kidney disease and in kidney transplant recipients. Clin. Nutr. 40, 303\u2013312 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"63302_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.10.1059","volume":"61","author":"BH Goodpaster","year":"2006","unstructured":"Goodpaster, B. H. et al. The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: the health, aging and body composition study. J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 61, 1059\u20131064 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"63302_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.06.003","volume":"14","author":"S Barbat-Artigas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barbat-Artigas, S., Rolland, Y., Vellas, B. & Aubertin-Leheudre, M. Muscle quantity is not synonymous with muscle quality. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 14, 852e1\u2013852e7 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"63302_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-03877-4","volume":"18","author":"H Han","year":"2023","unstructured":"Han, H. et al. Association between muscle strength and mass and bone mineral density in the US general population: data from NHANES 1999\u20132002. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 18, 397 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"63302_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glx188","volume":"73","author":"KM Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim, K. M. et al. Longitudinal changes in muscle mass and strength, and bone mass in older adults: gender-specific associations between muscle and bone losses. J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 73, 1062\u20131069 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"63302_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11061574","volume":"11","author":"M Patalong-W\u00f3jcik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Patalong-W\u00f3jcik, M. et al. Influence of muscle mass and strength on bone mineralisation with consideration of sclerostin concentration. Biomedicines 11, 1574 (2023).","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"63302_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2003.00346.x","volume":"14","author":"E Ribom","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ribom, E. et al. Muscle strength correlates with total body bone mineral density in young women but not in men. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 14, 24\u201329 (2004).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"63302_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-005-0620-9","volume":"23","author":"T S\u00f6\u00f6t","year":"2005","unstructured":"S\u00f6\u00f6t, T., J\u00fcrim\u00e4e, T., J\u00fcrim\u00e4e, J., Gapeyeva, H. & P\u00e4\u00e4suke, M. Relationship between leg bone mineral values and muscle strength in women with different physical activity. J. Bone Min. Metab. 23, 401\u2013406 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Metab."},{"key":"63302_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(92)90011-K","volume":"13","author":"B Jonsson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jonsson, B., Ringsberg, K., Josefsson, P., Johnell, O. & Birch-Jensen, M. Effects of physical activity on bone mineral content and muscle strength in women: a cross-sectional study. Bone 13, 191\u2013195 (1992).","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"63302_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14554","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114554","volume":"19","author":"P Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim, P., Lim & Jung, & Effects of twenty-four weeks of resistance exercise training on body composition, bone mineral density, functional fitness and isokinetic muscle strength in obese older women: a randomized controlled trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 19, 14554 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"63302_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2009.12.001","volume":"13","author":"RV Marin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marin, R. V., Pedrosa, M. A. C., Moreira-Pfrimer, L. D. F., Matsudo, S. M. M. & Lazaretti-Castro, M. Association between lean mass and handgrip strength with bone mineral density in physically active postmenopausal women. J. Clin. Densitom. 13, 96\u2013101 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Densitom"},{"key":"63302_CR55","first-page":"2398","volume":"54","author":"J Moon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Moon, J., So, J., Jeon, Y. & Kim, S. The Assessment of Muscle Strength for Standing Long Jump and Vertical Jump: Focusing on Muscle-Strengthening Programs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran. J. Public. Health. 54, 2398\u20132412 (2025).","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public. Health"},{"key":"63302_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw121","volume":"10","author":"ZL Lu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lu, Z. L. et al. Handgrip strength index predicts nutritional status as a complement to body mass index in Crohn\u2019s disease. J. Crohns Colitis. 10, 1395\u20131400 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"63302_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3184","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12093184","volume":"12","author":"Z Wen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wen, Z. et al. Handgrip strength and muscle quality: results from the national health and nutrition examination survey database. J. Clin. Med. 12, 3184 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"63302_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/58.2.M146","volume":"58","author":"E Carmeli","year":"2003","unstructured":"Carmeli, E., Patish, H. & Coleman, R. The aging hand. J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 58, M146\u2013M152 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"63302_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2018.07.023","volume":"71","author":"RG Carson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carson, R. G. Get a grip: individual variations in grip strength are a marker of brain health. Neurobiol. Aging. 71, 189\u2013222 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"63302_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics9010009","volume":"9","author":"T Seko","year":"2024","unstructured":"Seko, T. et al. The contributions of knee extension strength and hand grip strength to factors relevant to physical frailty: The Tanno-Sobetsu Study. Geriatrics 9, 9 (2024).","journal-title":"Geriatrics"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-63302-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-63302-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-63302-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T17:03:08Z","timestamp":1793984588000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-63302-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["63302"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-63302-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"33134"}}