{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T09:36:46Z","timestamp":1786527406842,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018778","name":"Al-Azhar University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018778","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The accelerating resistance of\n                    <jats:italic>Spodoptera exigua<\/jats:italic>\n                    to synthetic insecticides demands the development of eco-friendly botanical alternatives. Plant tissue culture provides a controlled means to enhance the biosynthesis of defense metabolites. This study explored how in vitro micropropagation can enhance the polyphenolic profile and insecticidal efficacy of\n                    <jats:italic>Opuntia ficus-indica<\/jats:italic>\n                    cladode ethanolic extracts. These extracts, cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium without (Op1) or with plant growth regulators (Op2), were compared with greenhouse-grown (Op3) extracts for activity against second- and fourth-instar\n                    <jats:italic>S. exigua<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae. Phytochemical analyses revealed differences among the extracts. The Op2 extract exhibited the highest total phenolic content (61.1\u00a0mg GAE g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and flavonoid content (131.95\u00a0mg QE g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). HPLC profiling revealed that Op2 had higher levels of gallic acid (26.94\u00a0\u00b5g mg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and kaempferol (17.26\u00a0\u00b5g mg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), whereas the greenhouse-grown extract was dominated by catechin and gallic acid. Bioassays showed that Op2 was the most toxic, with LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values of 4.87 and 2.70\u00a0mg mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    for the second and fourth instars, respectively. Biochemical assays revealed metabolic disruption, indicated by a significant elevation in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity (up to 5.20-fold) and a suppression of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity (up to 82.18%). Histopathological examination confirmed severe damage to the integument and midgut tissues. Molecular docking analysis indicated that kaempferol exhibited the highest binding affinity for LDH and GPx (\u2212\u20096.32 and\u2009\u2212\u20096.72\u00a0kcal mol\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , respectively), while ferulic acid showed strong binding (\u2212\u20096.12 and\u2009\u2212\u20096.15\u00a0kcal mol\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , respectively). These findings identify tissue culture-enhanced\n                    <jats:italic>O. ficus-indica<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a promising biopesticide for pest management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-63384-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T07:43:50Z","timestamp":1786520630000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhanced polyphenolic production in tissue culture-derived Opuntia ficus-indica increases larvicidal activity against Spodoptera exigua: biochemical, histological and molecular docking evidence"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Enayat M.","family":"Elqady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"El-said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moataz A. 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