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Initially, an environmentally benign method was developed by exploiting the drug\u2019s native fluorescence in water (\u03bb\n                    <jats:sub>ex<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/\u03bb\n                    <jats:sub>em<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u2009217\/298 nm). While this cost-effective approach successfully utilized water as a green solvent, it demonstrated limited LOD of 32.57 ng\/mL. To enhance fluorescence performance, various organic solvents were investigated, with acetonitrile providing the highest signal at \u03bb\n                    <jats:sub>ex<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/\u03bb\n                    <jats:sub>em<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u2009222\/300 nm and improving the LOD to 16.31 ng\/mL. To enable ultra-trace clinical monitoring, a third \u201cturn-on\u201d method was developed using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). By measuring fluorescence enhancement at \u03bb\n                    <jats:sub>ex<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/\u03bb\n                    <jats:sub>em<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u2009260\/524.6\u00a0nm upon interaction with landiolol, this platform amplifies the signal, achieving an outstanding LOD of 3.10 ng\/mL. AgNPs were prepared using a green synthesis approach employing\n                    <jats:italic>Aloe vera<\/jats:italic>\n                    extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent in an aqueous medium avoiding using hazardous chemicals. Water was used throughout both nanoparticle preparation and the AgNP-enhanced determination, reinforcing the eco-friendly profile of the method. Unlike native fluorescence, the AgNP-assisted method enhances sensitivity through nanoparticle-mediated surface passivation, with a possible auxiliary contribution from resonance energy transfer (RET)-like processes. Selectivity is improved through preferential adsorption of landiolol on the AgNP surface and a large Stokes shift that minimizes interference from UV-absorbing matrix components. The resulting enhanced sensitivity and reduced matrix interference make this method a powerful tool for ultra-trace, selective, and sustainable determination of landiolol in pharmaceutical formulations and human plasma, demonstrating its suitability for routine quality control and bioanalytical applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-63573-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T21:13:45Z","timestamp":1785273225000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative fluorimetric strategies for determination of landiolol hydrochloride using native fluorescence and green synthesized silver nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Marwa","family":"Khaled","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9423-5008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hend Z.","family":"Yamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nermine V.","family":"Fares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira M.","family":"El-Kosasy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"63573_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D11","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartjsupp\/suac023","volume":"24","author":"T Shiga","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shiga, T. 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