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BC was produced by\n                    <jats:italic>Acetobacter pasteurianus<\/jats:italic>\n                    PV549389 under static fermentation, and culture conditions were optimized using response surface methodology. ANOVA analysis confirmed the significance of the model (F\u2009=\u20095.09,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.044), identifying optimal conditions of 21.3\u00a0g\/L glucose, 4.9\u00a0g\/L peptone, and pH 6.7, yielding a maximum BC of 3.99\u00a0g\/L. The developed BC\/COL membrane exhibited a uniform morphology, enhanced thermal stability, and clear functional group interactions, confirming the successful integration of the polymer. The biological performance of BC\/COL membrane was evaluated through in vitro scratch assays and in vivo excisional wound-healing studies in rats. The BC\/COL membrane exhibited a safe profile toward dermal fibroblasts, significantly enhancing cell migration (91%) and accelerating wound-healing rates (3.03%\/h and 1.91%\/h after 24 and 48\u00a0h, respectively) compared with the control and collagen-treated groups. Histological and histomorphometric analyses revealed enhanced tissue regeneration in BC\/COL-treated wounds, characterized by increased epidermal thickness (97.5\u00a0\u03bcm), elevated collagen deposition (59.4%), improved epidermal organization, and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration compared with the untreated control group. This study shows that BC\/COL membrane effectively provides a sustainable and biocompatible wound dressing material, with strong potential for clinical application.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-64267-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T16:34:38Z","timestamp":1786034078000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and characterization of a sustainable bacterial cellulose\/collagen composite membrane for enhanced wound healing and tissue regeneration applications"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hanaa","family":"Orabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manal","family":"Shalaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebtesam","family":"Naeim Hussieny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monira","family":"Zhran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousra A.","family":"El-Maradny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esmail M.","family":"El-Fkharany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"64267_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3390\/fib12030029","volume":"12","author":"C U\u011furel","year":"2024","unstructured":"U\u011furel, C. & \u00d6\u011f\u00fct, H. 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