{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T08:45:31Z","timestamp":1785919531240,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Centre Egypt"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic infection caused by the protozoan\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , remains a significant global health concern, with seroprevalence exceeding 60% in specific regions. Given the limitations of current therapies for chronic stages, this study investigated the therapeutic efficacy of\n                    <jats:italic>Moringa oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MO) extract and MO-loaded copper-based metal-organic frameworks (MO@L-AA-Cu) in a murine model. Sixty-five female Swiss albino mice were utilized. Following the establishment of a negative control group (n=5), the remaining mice were orally inoculated with 20 cysts of the\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ME49 strain to induce chronic infection. Treatment efficacy was evaluated via brain cyst quantification, histopathological examination of the brain, eyes, and spleen, and molecular analysis using RT-PCR. All treatment groups exhibited significant reductions in parasitic load compared to the positive control. The highest reduction was observed in group G3e (73.61%), followed by G3c (61.64%), G3d (56.91%), G3a (54.64%), and G3b (44.33%). Histopathological findings demonstrated a marked attenuation of inflammatory infiltrates, fibrosis, and structural tissue damage in groups receiving MO and Spiramycin encapsulated within Cu-MOFs. RT-PCR results corroborated these findings, identifying the lowest parasite DNA levels in the G3e cohort. The integration of MO extract and Spiramycin into L-AA-Cu MOFs significantly enhances their antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory properties. These findings suggest that MO-loaded MOFs represent a promising nanotherapeutic platform for the treatment of chronic toxoplasmosis, offering superior efficacy over conventional formulations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-64672-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T06:36:35Z","timestamp":1785911795000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Moringa oleifera extract and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as therapeutic agents against chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ashraf M.","family":"Barakat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doaa","family":"Amer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"El-Lessy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Elderbawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rehab Mohamed El","family":"Shahat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabry A. S.","family":"Sadek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1700-5361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reda M.","family":"Abdelhameed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"64672_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.07.001","volume":"35","author":"S Lourido","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lourido, S. Toxoplasma gondii. Trends Parasitol. 35, 944\u2013945 (2019).","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"64672_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(01)00201-7","volume":"81","author":"VB Carruthers","year":"2002","unstructured":"Carruthers, V. B. Host cell invasion by the opportunistic pathogen Toxoplasma gondii. Acta Trop. 81, 111\u2013122 (2002).","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"64672_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1079\/AHR2005100","volume":"6","author":"DE Hill","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hill, D. E., Chirukandoth, S. & Dubey, J. P. Biology and epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in man and animals. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 6, 41\u201361 (2005).","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"64672_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12010142","volume":"12","author":"S Gabri\u00ebl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gabri\u00ebl, S., Dorny, P., Saelens, G. & Dermauw, V. Foodborne parasites and their complex life cycles challenging food safety in different food chains. Foods 12, 142 (2022).","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"64672_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182021001086","volume":"148","author":"L Nishi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nishi, L. et al. Moringa oleifera extract promotes apoptosis-like death in Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites in vitro. Parasitology 148, 1447\u20131457 (2021).","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"64672_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-024-04677-x","volume":"24","author":"M Mottaghi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mottaghi, M. et al. Evaluation of anti-Toxoplasma effects of solid lipid nanoparticles carrying Cinnamon zeylanicum and Moringa oleifera oil extracts. BMC Complement. Med. Ther. 24, 375 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Med. Ther."},{"key":"64672_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2019.24311","volume":"167","author":"LF Beletini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beletini, L. F. et al. Influence of coagulant Moringa oleifera seed extract on reduction of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts and viability of Toxocara spp. eggs in water. Desalin. Water Treat. 167, 38\u201344 (2019).","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"64672_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.2174\/0115680266299409240606062235","volume":"24","author":"F Marques-Santos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marques-Santos, F., Faria, R. X. & Reis Amendoeira, M. R. The search for drugs derived from natural products for Toxoplasma gondii infection treatment in the last 20 years-a systematic review. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 24, 1960\u20131999 (2024).","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"64672_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011447","volume":"17","author":"AM El-Kady","year":"2023","unstructured":"El-Kady, A. M. et al. Zinc oxide nanoparticles produced by Zingiber officinale ameliorates acute toxoplasmosis-induced pathological and biochemical alterations and reduced parasite burden in mice model. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 17, e0011447 (2023).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"64672_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jics.2022.100773","volume":"99","author":"KH Jawad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jawad, K. H., Hasoon, B. A., Ismail, R. A. & Shaker, S. S. Preparation of copper oxide nanosheets by pulsed laser ablation in liquid for anticancer, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 99, 100773 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Indian Chem. Soc."},{"key":"64672_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.106949","volume":"196","author":"BA Hasoon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hasoon, B. A. et al. Purified L-glutaminase effects against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in experimental vaginosis model: An immunological and histopathological observation. Microb. Pathog. 196, 106949 (2024).","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"64672_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-024-09927-x","volume":"23","author":"H Mahaveerchand","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mahaveerchand, H. & Abdul Salam, A. A. Environmental, industrial, and health benefits of Moringa oleifera. Phytochem. Rev. 23, 1497\u20131556 (2024).","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"64672_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8819","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201601133","volume":"28","author":"B Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li, B. et al. Emerging multifunctional metal\u2013organic framework materials. Adv. Mater. 28, 8819\u20138860 (2016).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"64672_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.201601751","volume":"2","author":"RM Abdelhameed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abdelhameed, R. M., Ananias, D., Silva, A. M. S. & Rocha, J. Building light-emitting metal-organic frameworks by post-synthetic modification. ChemistrySelect 2, 136\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/slct.201601751 (2017).","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"64672_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1002\/ejic.201402789","volume":"5285\u20135295","author":"RM Abdelhameed","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abdelhameed, R. M. et al. Designing near-infrared and visible light emitters by postsynthetic modification of Ln+3-IRMOF-3. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 5285\u20135295, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejic.201402789 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"64672_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4249","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NJ02382J","volume":"39","author":"RM Abdelhameed","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abdelhameed, R. M., Carlos, L. D., Silva, A. M. & Rocha, J. Engineering lanthanide-optical centres in IRMOF-3 by post-synthetic modification. New J. Chem. 39, 4249\u20134258 (2015).","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"64672_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1002\/ejic.201801442","volume":"1243\u20131249","author":"RM Abdelhameed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdelhameed, R. M., Darwesh, O. M., Rocha, J. & Silva, A. M. S. IRMOF-3 biological activity enhancement by post-synthetic modification. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 1243\u20131249, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejic.201801442 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"64672_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/aac638","author":"RM Abdelhameed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abdelhameed, R. M. & El Radaf, I. M. Self-cleaning lanthanum doped cadmium sulfide thin films and linear\/nonlinear optical properties. Mater. Res. Exp. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2053-1591\/aac638 (2018).","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Exp."},{"key":"64672_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124498","author":"RM Abdelhameed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdelhameed, R. M., El-Shahat, M., Abdel-Gawad, H. & Hegazi, B. Efficient phenolic compounds adsorption by immobilization of copper-based metal-organic framework anchored polyacrylonitrile\/chitosan beads. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124498 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"64672_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16090353","volume":"16","author":"Z Zheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zheng, Z., Cui, J., Wu, S., Cao, Z. & Cao, P. Engineering metal-organic frameworks for enhanced antimicrobial efficacy: Synthesis methodologies, mechanistic perspectives, and versatile applications. J. Funct. Biomater. 16, 353 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Funct. Biomater."},{"key":"64672_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-020-06429-y","volume":"31","author":"AA El-Shafey","year":"2020","unstructured":"El-Shafey, A. A. et al. Curcumin@ metal organic frameworks nano-composite for treatment of chronic toxoplasmosis. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med. 31, 90 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med."},{"key":"64672_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.106823","volume":"239","author":"OS Mohammad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohammad, O. S. et al. The effect of Nigella sativa oil-and wheat germ oil-loaded metal organic frameworks on chronic murine toxoplasmosis. Acta Trop. 239, 106823 (2023).","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"64672_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-023-01602-w","volume":"47","author":"HM El Naggar","year":"2023","unstructured":"El Naggar, H. M. et al. Application of honeybee venom loaded nanoparticles for the treatment of chronic toxoplasmosis: Parasitological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical studies. J. Parasit. Dis. 47, 591\u2013607 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"64672_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01750-6","volume":"9","author":"S Bracha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bracha, S. et al. Engineering Toxoplasma gondii secretion systems for intracellular delivery of multiple large therapeutic proteins to neurons. Nat. Microbiol. 9, 2051\u20132072 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"64672_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3284691","author":"J Dubey","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dubey, J. Comparative infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii bradyzoites in rats and mice. J. Parasitol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3284691 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"64672_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.4314\/ajid.v9i2.3","volume":"9","author":"H El Fadaly","year":"2015","unstructured":"El Fadaly, H., Soror, A. & Barakat, A. Zoonotic and histo-pathological aspects of various Toxoplasma gondii strains in female rats. Afr. J. Infect. Dis. 9, 32\u201338 (2015).","journal-title":"Afr. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"64672_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","volume":"65","author":"T Mosmann","year":"1983","unstructured":"Mosmann, T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J. Immunol. Methods 65, 55\u201363 (1983).","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"64672_CR28","volume-title":"Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques","author":"JD Bancroft","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bancroft, J. D. & Gamble, M. Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques (Elsevier health sciences, 2008)."},{"key":"64672_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P33","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-10279-0.50010-5","volume-title":"Bancroft\u2019s Theory and Practice of Histological. Techniques","author":"J Bancroft","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bancroft, J. & Gamble, M. Bancroft\u2019s Theory and Practice of Histological. Techniques Vol. 18, P33 (CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE ELSEVIER, 2008)."},{"key":"64672_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.4103\/1117-1936.181448","volume":"17","author":"A Akinbami","year":"2010","unstructured":"Akinbami, A. et al. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies amongst pregnant women at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Niger. Postgrad. Med. J. 17, 164\u2013167 (2010).","journal-title":"Niger. Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"64672_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2215377","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2023.2215377","volume":"36","author":"P Prasil","year":"2023","unstructured":"Prasil, P., Sleha, R., Kacerovsky, M. & Bostik, P. Comparison of adverse reactions of spiramycin versus pyrimethamine\/sulfadiazine treatment of toxoplasmosis in pregnancy: Is spiramycin really the drug of choice for unproven infection of the fetus?. J. Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Med. 36, 2215377 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Med."},{"key":"64672_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.4236\/wja.2016.63012","volume":"6","author":"RG Zaini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zaini, R. G., Ismail, K. A. & Dahlawi, H. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among AIDS patients in Saudi Arabia. World J. AIDS 6, 81\u201386 (2016).","journal-title":"World J. AIDS"},{"key":"64672_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20190379","volume":"39","author":"RA Alajmi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alajmi, R. A. et al. Anti-Toxoplasma activity of silver nanoparticles green synthesized with Phoenix dactylifera and Ziziphus spina-christi extracts which inhibits inflammation through liver regulation of cytokines in Balb\/c mice. Biosci. Rep. 39, BSR20190379 (2019).","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"64672_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.02.003","volume":"38","author":"EC Ross","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ross, E. C., Olivera, G. C. & Barragan, A. Early passage of Toxoplasma gondii across the blood\u2013brain barrier. Trends Parasitol. 38, 450\u2013461 (2022).","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"64672_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.21608\/puj.2024.273767.1239","volume":"17","author":"H El Naggar","year":"2024","unstructured":"El Naggar, H. et al. Therapeutic potential of coconut and ginger oils in chronic murine toxoplasmosis. Parasitologists United J. 17, 37\u201345 (2024).","journal-title":"Parasitologists United J."},{"key":"64672_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.21608\/PUJ.2022.95720.1133","volume":"15","author":"H Abdelmaksoud","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdelmaksoud, H., Aboushousha, T. & El-Ashkar, A. Efficacy of coconut oil as therapeutic agent with potential anticancer activity in immunosuppressed mice with cryptosporidiosis: Parasitological, histopathological and immunohistochemical studies. Parasitologists United J. 15, 45\u201352 (2022).","journal-title":"Parasitologists United J."},{"key":"64672_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020390","volume":"11","author":"O Bekkouch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bekkouch, O. et al. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), lemon (Citrus limon L.) juices as preventive agents from chronic liver damage induced by CCl4: A biochemical and histological study. Antioxidants 11, 390 (2022).","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"64672_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-016-2067-y","volume":"179","author":"SM Roopan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roopan, S. M. An overview of phytoconstituents, biotechnological applications, and nutritive aspects of coconut (Cocos nucifera). Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 179, 1309\u20131324 (2016).","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"64672_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.902855","volume":"13","author":"AM Barakat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barakat, A. M. et al. Tamoxifen increased parasite burden and induced a series of histopathological and immunohistochemical changes during chronic toxoplasmosis in experimentally infected mice. Front. Microbiol. 13, 902855 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"64672_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1177\/002215549804601210","volume":"46","author":"A Bonhomme","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bonhomme, A. et al. Quantitative immunolocalization of a P29 protein (GRA7), a new antigen of Toxoplasma gondii. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 46, 1411\u20131421 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"64672_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3378-y","volume":"12","author":"H Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, H. et al. Efficient genome engineering of Toxoplasma gondii using the TALEN technique. Parasites Vectors 12, 112 (2019).","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"64672_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54129","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.54129","volume":"9","author":"X Yuan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yuan, X. et al. A single-parasite transcriptional atlas of Toxoplasma Gondii reveals novel control of antigen expression. Elife 9, e54129 (2020).","journal-title":"Elife"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-64672-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-64672-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-64672-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T07:56:06Z","timestamp":1785916566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-64672-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["64672"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-64672-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All authors confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The experimental work in this study was carried out at the Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University. All animal procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles were approved by the Research and Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University (Protocol Code: 0306016). The ethical review board of Azhar University\/College of Medicine Guidelines Ethical approval ethically cleared the study (protocol code: 0306016). Also Number of ethics approval from the NRC 6122012025.The study was reported by the ARRIVE guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable, as we did not do any clinical trials","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"24151"}}