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This cross-sectional secondary analysis used adult data from the 4th Korea National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS Cycle 4, 2018\u20132020;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20094239). Multi-question variables related to diet, cooking, packaging, and ingestion behaviors were mapped into a latent space through unsupervised learning, clusters were derived, and the exposure levels of PFAS, bisphenols, urinary cadmium, and blood lead biomarkers were compared by cluster. As a result, serum PFAS concentrations were higher in the \u201cbasic diet\/seafood propensity\u201d cluster, with weighted geometric means ranging from 10.998 to 21.767\u00a0\u00b5g\/L for PFOS and from 5.082 to 8.323\u00a0\u00b5g\/L for PFOA across clusters. In the \u201cpackaging\/contact propensity\u201d cluster, higher PFOA was observed in the adjusted analysis, while blood lead showed an elevated direction but was not robust after FDR correction. On the other hand, the differences between clusters for bisphenols and urinary cadmium were not robust when considering covariates and multiple comparisons, suggesting the possibility that the variability of single urine measurements, uncertainty in exposure assessment, and complexity of indicator characteristics may have affected the results. This study provides an empirical basis for identifying population-level dietary-behavioral exposure profiles and informing targeted risk communication by showing how lifestyle-based dietary and behavioral structures are associated with environmental exposure patterns before directly linking dietary patterns with diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-64855-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T11:20:10Z","timestamp":1785842410000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unsupervised dietary-behavioral profiling identifies PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) and metal exposure patterns in Korean adults"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"SangHee","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JeongBeom","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hak-Jae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"64855_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-200202000-00002","volume":"13","author":"FB Hu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hu, F. 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The original KoNEHS Cycle 4 survey was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the National Institute of Environmental Research (approval number: NIER-2018-BR-003-02), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants at the time of the survey. The current secondary analysis was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Soonchunhyang University Hospital (IRB No. 2025-11-015), and the requirement for informed consent for this secondary analysis was waived because only de-identified secondary data were used. The KoNEHS Cycle 4 dataset was accessed for study purposes on 20 September 2025 through the official data application procedure and was used according to the NIER data use guidelines (NIER-2020-01-01-016). The authors had no access to information that could identify individual participants during this secondary analysis. All procedures were carried out in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"24188"}}