{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T21:10:08Z","timestamp":1788815408124,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Open University of Sri Lanka","award":["Competitive Research Grant 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Competitive Research Grant 2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-64986-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T08:19:35Z","timestamp":1788769175000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influence of thermal treatment on the physicochemical, biological, and ecotoxicological properties of plant-mediated metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7860-3119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madusanka","family":"H.K.S.","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinupamali","family":"H.A.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayasuriya","family":"J.A.M.S.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aruggoda","family":"A.G.B.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chathurika","family":"J.A.S.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weerakoon","family":"S.R.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"64986_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.191378","volume":"6","author":"OV Kharissova","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kharissova, O. V., Kharisov, B. I., Gonz\u00e1lez, C. M. O., M\u00e9ndez, Y. P. & L\u00f3pez, I. Greener synthesis of chemical compounds and materials. R. Soc. Open Sci. 6(11), 191378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.191378 (2019).","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"64986_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.4950","volume":"33","author":"J Iqbal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iqbal, J. et al. Green synthesis and characterizations of nickel oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of Rhamnus virgata and their potential biological applications. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 33(8), e4950. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aoc.4950 (2019).","journal-title":"Appl. Organomet. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"64986_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1515\/ntrev-2020-0109","volume":"9","author":"ND Jaji","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jaji, N. D. et al. Advanced nickel nanoparticles technology: From synthesis to applications. Nanotechnol. Rev. 9(1), 1456\u20131480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/ntrev-2020-0109 (2020).","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"64986_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.54536\/ajbb.v3i1.3959","volume":"3","author":"HKS Madusanka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Madusanka, H. K. S., Aruggoda, A. G. B., Chathurika, J. A. S. & Weerakoon, S. R. Evaluating the impact of seed nano-priming with green-synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles using Mimosa pigra leaf extract on the germination and seedling growth of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Am. J. Biosci. Bioinform. 3(1), 42\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54536\/ajbb.v3i1.3959 (2024).","journal-title":"Am. J. Biosci. Bioinform."},{"issue":"2","key":"64986_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.54536\/ajlsi.v3i2.4281","volume":"3","author":"HKS Madusanka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Madusanka, H. K. S., Aruggoda, A. G. B., Chathurika, J. A. S. & Weerakoon, S. R. Evaluation of the antifungal effect of green synthesized metal oxide nanoparticles against plant pathogenic Rhizoctonia species. Am. J. Life Sci. Innov. 3(2), 63\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54536\/ajlsi.v3i2.4281 (2024).","journal-title":"Am. J. Life Sci. Innov."},{"key":"64986_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Madusanka, H. K. S., Aruggoda, A. G. B., Chathurika, J. A. S. & Weerakoon, S. R. Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles: Impact on tomato seed germination and early seedling growth. In Proc. Peradeniya University International Research Symposium and Exposition (iPURSE) 2025. University https:\/\/doi.org\/10.63967\/AULT4918 (Research Council, University of Peradeniya, 2025a).","DOI":"10.63967\/AULT4918"},{"key":"64986_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chae, Y., An, Y. J. & Choi, M. Toxic effects of CuO nanoparticles on microbial activity and microbial community structure in loamy soil. Environ. Geochem. Health, 40(2), 789\u2013802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10653-017-0024-8 (2018).","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-017-0024-8"},{"key":"64986_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liang, Y., Liu, Y., Cheng, Y. & Hu, F. Effects of ZnO nanoparticles on soil heterotrophic respiration and enzyme activities in wheat straw-return soil. Chemosphere 263, 127985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127985 (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127985"},{"key":"64986_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Parveen, A., Rao, S. & Ahmed, F. Green synthesis and characterization of ZnO and TiO\u2082 nanoparticles and their effect on soil microbial respiration. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 129, 112\u2013120 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.03.016 (2016).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.03.016"},{"key":"64986_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dehghani, M. & Ghadam, P. Green synthesis of ZnO-NPs by Juglans regia green husk aqueous extract. Mater. Proc. 14(1), 7 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IOCN2023-14444 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/IOCN2023-14444"},{"issue":"5","key":"64986_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-021-04436-4","volume":"3","author":"M Khan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khan, M., Ware, P. & Shimpi, N. Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using peels of Passiflora foetida and study of its activity as an efficient catalyst for the degradation of hazardous organic dye. SN Appl. Sci. 3(5), 528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42452-021-04436-4 (2021).","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"64986_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brishti, R.S., Habib, M. A., Ara, M.H., Karim, K. M. R., Islam, K., Naime, J., Hasan, M., & Abu, M. Green synthesis of ZnO NPs using aqueous extract of Epipremnum aureum leave: Photocatalytic degradation of Congo red. Result. Chem. 7, 101441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rechem.2024.101441(2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2024.101441"},{"issue":"4","key":"64986_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041367","volume":"27","author":"K Andrade-Zavaleta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Andrade-Zavaleta, K., Chacon-Laiza, Y., Asmat-Campos, D. & Raquel-Checca, N. Green synthesis of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with Eucalyptus globulus extract and their application in the removal of heavy metals from agricultural soil. Molecules 27(4), 1367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27041367 (2022).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"64986_CR14","unstructured":"Hussain, A., Yasar, M., Ahmad, G., Ijaz, M., Aziz, A., Nawaz, M. G., Khan, F. A., Iqbal, H., Shakeel, W., Momand, H., Ali, R., Ahmad, S., Shah, H., Nadeem, M., Ahmad, D., Anjum, F. & Faisal, S. Synthesis, characterization, and applications of iron oxide nanoparticles. Int. J. Health Sci. 17(4), 3\u201310. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10321464\/ (2023)."},{"key":"64986_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2018.11.043","volume":"160","author":"P Karpagavinayagam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Karpagavinayagam, P. & Vedhi, C. Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Avicennia marina flower extract. Vacuum 160, 286\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vacuum.2018.11.043 (2019).","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"64986_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2015.01.009","volume":"21","author":"B Kumar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kumar, B., Smita, K., Cumbal, L., Debut, A. & Angulo, Y. Biofabrication of copper oxide nanoparticles using Andean blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth.) fruit and leaf. J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 21, S475\u2013S480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jscs.2015.01.009 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Saudi Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"64986_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.22159\/ijap.2020v12i1.36271","volume":"12","author":"P Kumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar, P. et al. Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of CuO nanoparticles. Int. J. Appl. Pharm. 12(1), 17\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22159\/ijap.2020v12i1.36271 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Pharm."},{"issue":"4","key":"64986_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ab7b94","volume":"7","author":"D Renuga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Renuga, D., Jeyasundari, J., Athithan, A. S. S. & Jacob, Y. B. A. Synthesis and characterization of copper oxide nanoparticles using Brassica oleracea var. italica extract for its antifungal application. Mater. Res. Express 7(4), 045007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2053-1591\/ab7b94 (2020).","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"issue":"6","key":"64986_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11060940","volume":"11","author":"G Marslin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marslin, G. et al. Secondary metabolites in the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. Materials 11(6), 940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma11060940 (2018).","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"1","key":"64986_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-018-0408-4","volume":"16","author":"J Singh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Singh, J. et al. \u2018Green\u2019 synthesis of metals and their oxide nanoparticles: Applications for environmental remediation. J. Nanobiotechnol. 16(1), 84. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12951-018-0408-4 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"issue":"20","key":"64986_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26206140","volume":"26","author":"AA Alyamani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alyamani, A. A. et al. Green fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Phlomis leaf extract: Characterization and in vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity and antibacterial properties. Molecules 26(20), 6140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26206140 (2021).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"64986_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sathappan, S., Kirubakaran, N., Gunasekaran, D., Gupta, P., Verma, R.S. & Sundaram, J. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Cissus quadrangularis: Characterization, antimicrobial and anticancer studies. In Proc. National Academy of Sciences, India, Section B: Biological Sciences, 91(2), 289\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40011-020-01215-w(2021).","DOI":"10.1007\/s40011-020-01215-w"},{"key":"64986_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thu, T., Dat, N.D., Tam, L. M. & Phuong, N. H. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles toward highly efficient photocatalysis and antibacterial application. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 13, 1108\u20131119 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3762\/bjnano.13.94 (2022).","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.13.94"},{"issue":"4","key":"64986_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.30799\/jnst.240.19050411","volume":"5","author":"VS Selvi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Selvi, V. S., Velumani, A. & Banu, N. N. Synthesis and characterization of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using Mangifera indica leaf extract. J. NanoSci. Technol. 5(4), 784\u2013786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30799\/jnst.240.19050411 (2019).","journal-title":"J. NanoSci. Technol."},{"key":"64986_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saloki, A. & Daharwal, S. J. Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticle from plant extract and its antibacterial activity. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 16(7), 172\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22159\/ajpcr.2023.v16i7.47122 (2023).","DOI":"10.22159\/ajpcr.2023.v16i7.47122"},{"key":"64986_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hazadv.2024.100401","volume":"13","author":"UO Aigbe","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aigbe, U. O. & Osibote, O. A. Green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles, and their various applications. J. Hazard. Mater. Adv. 13, 100401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hazadv.2024.100401 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater. Adv."},{"issue":"7","key":"64986_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.9734\/jpri\/2023\/v35i77335","volume":"35","author":"M Rangasamy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rangasamy, M. et al. Green synthesis and characterization of copper oxide nanoparticles using Tecoma stans. J. Pharm. Res. Int. 35(7), 9\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9734\/jpri\/2023\/v35i77335 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res. Int."},{"key":"64986_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madusanka, H. K. S., Aruggoda, A. G. B., Chathurika, J. A. S. & Weerakoon, S. R. Correlation analysis of germination percentage and early growth parameters of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) under seed nanopriming with green-synthesized CuO nanoparticles. In Proc. International Research Conference of the Open University of Sri Lanka (IRC-OUSL 2025), 4. http:\/\/repository.ou.ac.lk\/handle\/94ousl\/3834 (2025b).","DOI":"10.65646\/3rc20dmm1d0036"},{"key":"64986_CR29","unstructured":"Madusanka, H. K. S., Aruggoda, A. G. B., Chathurika, J. A. S. & Weerakoon, S. R. Green synthesis of zinc nanoparticles using Mimosa pigra for photocatalytic methylene blue degradation. In Proc. 81st Annual Sessions of the Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science (SLAAS) - Part I: Abstracts, 217 (2025c)."},{"key":"64986_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01831","volume":"7","author":"TC Dakal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dakal, T. C., Kumar, A., Majumdar, R. S. & Yadav, V. Mechanistic basis of antimicrobial actions of silver nanoparticles. Front. Microbiol. 7, 1831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01831 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"64986_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S286725","volume":"15","author":"IX Yin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yin, I. X. et al. The antibacterial mechanism of silver nanoparticles and its application in biomedical tissues. Int. J. Nanomed. 15, 2555\u20132562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJN.S286725 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"64986_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1527137","volume":"16","author":"AB Mendoza","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mendoza, A. B. et al. Effects of silver nanoparticles on the physiology, stress, and mineral uptake of banana cultivars in vitro and greenhouse. Front. Plant Sci. 16, 1527137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2025.1527137 (2025).","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"issue":"4615","key":"64986_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1038\/1811199a0","volume":"181","author":"MS Blois","year":"1958","unstructured":"Blois, M. S. Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature 181(4615), 1199\u20131200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/1811199a0 (1958).","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-64986-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-64986-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-64986-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T21:02:59Z","timestamp":1788814979000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-64986-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["64986"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-64986-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"During the preparation of this work, the authors used generative AI technologies for language editing, structuring, and manuscript formatting. After using this tool\/service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the final content of the publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Declaration of Generative AI and AI-assisted Technologies in the Writing Process","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"27927"}}