{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:26:36Z","timestamp":1786980396731,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-65003-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:47:26Z","timestamp":1786978046000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advanced quantum computing-driven digital twin for energy and timing optimization in low-power VLSI circuits &amp;IoT devices"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3692-8704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Manan","family":"Mujahid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6347-9384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepa","family":"Jose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"65003_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chataut, R., Phoummalayvane, A. & Akl, R. Unleashing the power of IoT: A comprehensive review of IoT applications and future prospects in healthcare, agriculture, smart homes, smart cities, and industry 4.0. Sensors (2023). ,23,16,7194.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23167194"},{"key":"65003_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, O. A. & Tiwari, D. From Chips to Systems: Exploring Disruptive VLSI Ecosystems, in A Practitioner\u2019s Approach to Problem-Solving using AI 268\u2013281 (Bentham Science, 2024).","DOI":"10.2174\/9789815305364124010020"},{"key":"65003_CR3","unstructured":"Xing, Z. Survey on Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Used for Electronic Design Automation, Politecnico di Torino. (2024)."},{"issue":"2","key":"65003_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fi14020064","volume":"14","author":"C Qian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qian, C. et al. Digital twin\u2014Cyber replica of physical things: Architecture, applications and future research directions. Future Internet 14(2), 64 (2022).","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"key":"65003_CR5","first-page":"9","volume":"4,6","author":"A Mzukwa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mzukwa, A. Exploring Next-Generation Architectures for Advanced Computing Systems: Challenges and Opportunities. J. Adv. Comput. Syst. 4,6, 9\u201318 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Adv. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"65003_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wittmann, M. C. & Morgan, J. T. Understanding data analysis from multiple viewpoints: An example from quantum tunneling, in AIP Conference Proceedings, American Institute of Physics, 3\u20136. (2004).","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1807240"},{"key":"65003_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, A., Palesi, M., Kim, J. & Pande, P. Chip and package-scale interconnects for general-purpose, domain-specific and quantum computing systems-overview, challenges and opportunities. IEEE J. EmergSel Top. Circuits Syst, (2024).","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2024.3445829"},{"key":"65003_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amuru, D. et al. AI\/ML algorithms and applications in VLSI design and technology. Integration ,93,102048, 2023.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2023.06.002"},{"key":"65003_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tsmc.2024.3407061","author":"X He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He, X. et al. Redefinition of digital twin and its situation awareness framework designing toward fourth paradigm for energy internet of things. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Syst. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tsmc.2024.3407061 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Syst."},{"issue":"2","key":"65003_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3550488","volume":"4","author":"A Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, A., Stein, S., Krishnamoorthy, S. & Ang, J. Qasmbench: A low-level quantum benchmark suite for nisq evaluation and simulation. ACM Trans. Quantum Comput. 4(2), 1\u201326 (2023).","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Quantum Comput."},{"issue":"1","key":"65003_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10033-022-00680-w","volume":"35","author":"B Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, B., Zhou, H., Yang, G., Li, X. & Yang, H. Human digital twin (HDT) driven human-cyber-physical systems: Key technologies and applications. Chin. J. Mech. Eng. 35(1), 11 (2022).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"65003_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7439","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3203823","volume":"10","author":"X He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He, X. et al. Situation awareness of energy internet of things in smart city based on digital twin: From digitization to informatization. IEEE Internet Things J. 10, 9,7439\u20137458 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"65003_CR13","first-page":"391","volume":"61","author":"J Oyekan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oyekan, J., Chen, Y., Turner, C. & Tiwari, A. Applying a fusion of wearable sensors and a cognitive inspired architecture to real-time ergonomics analysis of manual assembly tasks. J. ManufSyst. 61, 391\u2013405 (2021).","journal-title":"J. ManufSyst"},{"issue":"2","key":"65003_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1080\/03772063.2024.2423263","volume":"71","author":"R Sharma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sharma, R., Rai, M. K. & Khanna, R. Crosstalk delay and reliability analysis of carbon nanotube on-chip interconnects: Modelling and optimization using metaheuristic algorithm. IETE J. Res. 71(2), 603\u2013615 (2025).","journal-title":"IETE J. Res."},{"key":"65003_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, B. et al. Machine and deep learning for digital twin networks: A survey. IEEE Internet Things J, (2024).","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3416733"},{"issue":"5","key":"65003_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3274665","volume":"17","author":"A Weichslgartner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weichslgartner, A., Wildermann, S., Gangadharan, D., Gla\u00df, M. & Teich, J. A design-time\/run-time application mapping methodology for predictable execution time in MPSoCs. ACM Trans. Embed ComputSyst. 17 (5), 1\u201325 (2018).","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Embed ComputSyst"},{"key":"65003_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11883","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15373-y","volume":"11","author":"W Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, W. et al. Switched-capacitor-convertors based on fractal design for output power management of triboelectric nanogenerator. Nat. Commun. 11, 11883 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"65003_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simoglou, S., Sotiriou, C. & Blias, N. Static timing analysis induced simulation errors for asynchronous circuits, in 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI and Nanotechnology Systems (DFT), IEEE, 1\u20134. (2021).","DOI":"10.1109\/DFT52944.2021.9568296"},{"issue":"1","key":"65003_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA16901","volume":"89","author":"MH Farrell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Farrell, M. H., Liang, T. & Misra, S. Deep neural networks for estimation and inference. Econometrica 89 (1), 181\u2013213 (2021).","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"65003_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26266","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2971574","volume":"8","author":"X Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, X., Liu, G., Xiong, N., Su, Y. & Chen, G. A survey of swarm intelligence techniques in VLSI routing problems. IEEE Access 8, 26266\u201326292 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"65003_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Cao, C., Wang, X. B., Shannon, N. & Joynt, R. Solution of SAT problems with the adaptive-bias quantum approximate optimization algorithm. Phys Rev. Res, 5,2,23147, (2023).","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.5.023147"},{"key":"65003_CR22","unstructured":"Wu, L. Monolithically Integrated Millimeter-Wave Spin-Qubit Control Circuits in FDSOI CMOS, University of Toronto (Canada). (2022)."},{"key":"65003_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s43673-021-00030-3","volume":"32","author":"S Wei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wei, S., Chen, Y., Zhou, Z. & Long, G. A quantum convolutional neural network on NISQ devices. AAPPS Bull. 32, 1\u201311 (2022).","journal-title":"AAPPS Bull."},{"key":"65003_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, H. T. A.Ngo and Quantum Combinatorial Optimization Algorithms for Network Reconfiguration: QRAO vs. QAOA, in 2024 56th North American Power Symposium (NAPS), IEEE, 1\u20136. (2024).","DOI":"10.1109\/NAPS61145.2024.10741660"},{"issue":"3","key":"65003_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s25030889","volume":"25","author":"F Chiti","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chiti, F., Pecorella, T., Picchi, R. & Pierucci, L. Towards digital-twin assisted software-defined quantum satellite networks. Sensors (Basel) 25(3), 889 (2025).","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"65003_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chauhan, A. S. et al. Spatio-temporal analysis of rainfall dynamics of 120 years (1901\u20132020) using innovative trend methodology: A case study of Haryana, India. Sustainability ,14,9,4888, 2022.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14094888"},{"key":"65003_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holevo, A. S. & Holevo, A. S. The Standard Statistical Model of Quantum Mechanics. Statistical Struct. Quantum Theory, 13\u201338, (2001).","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44998-1_2"},{"issue":"9","key":"65003_CR28","first-page":"3699","volume":"70","author":"R Genssler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Genssler, R., Barkam, H. E., Pandaram, K., Imani, M. & Amrouch, H. Modeling and predicting transistor aging under workload dependency using machine learning. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 70(9), 3699\u20133711 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers"},{"issue":"2","key":"65003_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2023.3322384","volume":"32","author":"T Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Rahman, M. L., Kamali, H. M., Azar, K. Z. & Farahmandi, F. SiPGuard: Run-time system-in-package security monitoring via power noise variation. IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. VLSI Syst. 32 (2), 305\u2013318 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. VLSI Syst."},{"issue":"12","key":"65003_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3631","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2009.2035551","volume":"44","author":"N Cong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cong, N., Chaimanonart, W. H., Ko, D. J. & Young, D. J. A wireless and batteryless 10-bit implantable blood pressure sensing microsystem with adaptive RF powering for real-time laboratory mice monitoring. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 44(12), 3631\u20133644 (2009).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"65003_CR31","unstructured":"Zhu, L., Chen, G., Szymanski, B. K., Tropper, C. & Zhang, T. Parallel logic simulation of million-gate VLSI circuits, in 13th IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems, IEEE, 521\u2013524. (2005)."},{"key":"65003_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpami.2024.3402061","author":"I Gupta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gupta, I., Saxena, D., Singh, A. K. & Lee, C.-N. A multiple controlled toffoli driven adaptive quantum neural network model for dynamic workload prediction in cloud environments. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tpami.2024.3402061 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"65003_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.4c04624","author":"IM Hern\u00e1ndez-Romero","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Romero, I. M. et al. Exploring hybrid quantum-classical algorithms for multiscale bioprocess optimization. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.iecr.4c04624 (2025).","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"65003_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Der Schaft, A. J. & Camlibel, M. K. A state transfer principle for switching port-Hamiltonian systems, in Proceedings of the 48\u00a0h IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) held jointly with 2009 28th Chinese Control Conference, IEEE, 45\u201350. (2009).","DOI":"10.1109\/CDC.2009.5400785"},{"key":"65003_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, Q. P., Bin, L., Zhang, Y. & Yang, C. P. Simple realization of a hybrid controlled\u2013controlled-Z gate with photonic control qubits encoded via eigenstates of the photon-number parity operator. Appl Phys. Lett, 122,11, (2023).","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0138627"},{"key":"65003_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-04520-2","volume-title":"The quadratic unconstrained binary optimization problem","author":"A Punnen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Punnen, A. The quadratic unconstrained binary optimization problem Vol. 10, 973\u2013978 (Springer International Publishing, 2022)."},{"issue":"1","key":"65003_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41313-021-00032-6","volume":"6","author":"DA Fedorov","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fedorov, D. A., Peng, B., Govind, N. & Alexeev, Y. VQE method: A short survey and recent developments. Mater. Theory 6(1), 2 (2022).","journal-title":"Mater. Theory"},{"key":"65003_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337001","DOI":"10.1103\/PRXQuantum.5.037001","volume":"5","author":"A Di Meglio","year":"2024","unstructured":"Di Meglio, A. et al. Quantum computing for high-energy physics: State of the art and challenges. PRX Quantum. 5, 337001 (2024).","journal-title":"PRX Quantum"},{"key":"65003_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., Huang, Z., Jiang, W., Tang, Z. & Song, M. Quantum algorithms using infeasible solution constraints for collision-avoidance route planning. IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics, (2024).","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2024.3476156"},{"key":"65003_CR40","unstructured":"Tomar, S., Tripathi, R. & Kumar, S. Comprehensive Survey of QML: From Data Analysis to Algorithmic Advancements, arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.09528, (2025)."},{"key":"65003_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2024.3356508","volume":"5","author":"HM Kamdjou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kamdjou, H. M., Baudry, D., Havard, V. & Ouchani, S. Resource-constrained extended reality operated with digital twin in industrial internet of things. IEEE Open. J. Commun. Soc. 5, 928\u2013950 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Open. J. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"65003_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34449","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3162863","volume":"10","author":"E Zeydan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeydan, E. & Mangues-Bafalluy, J. Recent advances in data engineering for networking. IEEE Access 10, 34449\u201334496 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"65003_CR43","unstructured":"Lu, Y., Tian, G. & Sun, X. QAOA with fewer qubits: a coupling framework to solve larger-scale max-cut problem, arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.15260, (2023)."},{"issue":"4","key":"65003_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14040677","volume":"14","author":"F Dai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dai, F., Hossain, M. A. & Wang, Y. State of the art in parallel and distributed systems: Emerging trends and challenges. Electronics 14(4), 677 (2025).","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"65003_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchisio, A., Sychiuco, E., Kashif, M. & Shafique, M. Cutting is All You Need: Execution of Large-Scale Quantum Neural Networks on Limited-Qubit Devices, arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.04844, (2024).","DOI":"10.1109\/QAI63978.2025.00058"},{"key":"65003_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, H., Tamizharasan, S. & Rahul, C. S. Design possibilities and challenges of DNN models: a review on the perspective of end devices. ArtifIntell Rev, 1\u201359, (2022).","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-022-10138-z"},{"key":"65003_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rath, K. C., Mishra, D., Tripathy, S. K. T., Mishra, B. K. & Muduli, K. Potential of AI, Quantum Computing, and Semiconductor Technology Adoption in Future Industries: Scope, Challenges, and Opportunities. Integration of AI, Quantum Computing, and Semiconductor Technology,415\u2013440, (2025).","DOI":"10.4018\/979-8-3693-7076-6.ch019"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-65003-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-65003-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-65003-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:47:30Z","timestamp":1786978050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-65003-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["65003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-65003-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"25720"}}