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In the present study, the production of EuM-NPs by\n                    <jats:italic>Streptomyces glaucescens<\/jats:italic>\n                    NEAE-H was optimized in a 7-L stirred-tank bioreactor under controlled fermentation conditions. The study investigated the physicochemical characteristics and the in vivo, in vitro, and in silico anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities of EuM-NPs. The maximum EuM-NPs yield reached 367.51\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL after 22\u00a0h of cultivation at an agitation rate of 200\u00a0rpm. Physicochemical characterization revealed the formation of nearly spherical nanoparticles with particle sizes ranging from 1.23 to 26\u00a0nm and a mean diameter of 15.64\u2009\u00b1\u20094.576\u00a0nm. \u03b6-potential measurements demonstrated good colloidal stability with a surface charge of\u2009\u2212\u200932.6\u2009\u00b1\u20094.65\u00a0mV. Thermogravimetric analysis confirmed high thermal stability, whereas X-ray diffraction analysis verified the characteristic amorphous structure of the produced EuM-NPs. LC\u2013MS\/MS analysis detected the oxidative degradation products pyrrole-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (PDCA) [\n                    <jats:italic>m\/z<\/jats:italic>\n                    156.9] and pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (PTCA) [\n                    <jats:italic>m\/z<\/jats:italic>\n                    199.9], supporting the presence of eumelanin-derived structural components. In vivo investigations demonstrated significant anticancer activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and solid tumors, reducing tumor volume by up to 78% and tumor weight by up to 83%. Furthermore, EuM-NPs exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity, achieving 62.62% inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema. In vitro cyclooxygenase inhibition assays revealed selective inhibition of COX-2 (IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    5.61\u00b5g\/mL\u00a0, selectivity ratio &gt;\u00a08.91) compared with COX-1 (IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u200950\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL\u00a0) In silico drug-likeness, pharmacokinetics and molecular docking analyses of seven potential eumelanin 5,6-dihydroxyindole\u00a0(DHI)-precursors highlighted 2,4\u2032-DHI-dimer as the most promising, showing binding affinities of \u2212\u20095.93\u00a0kcal\/mol (COX-1) and \u2212\u20095.27\u00a0kcal\/mol (COX-2). These findings demonstrate that controlled bioreactor cultivation significantly reduced the production time required to obtain EuM-NPs by\n                    <jats:italic>Streptomyces glaucescens<\/jats:italic>\n                    NEAE-H while maintaining comparable production levels and highlighted their potential as multifunctional nanomaterials for anticancer therapy, inflammation management, and future nanomedicine applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-65150-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T08:22:06Z","timestamp":1788250926000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioreactor-based production of eumelanin nanoparticles by Streptomyces glaucescens NEAE-H: physicochemical characterization, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities,\u00a0and in silico analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8493-9194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noura El-Ahmady","family":"El-Naggar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara M.","family":"El-Ewasy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy M.","family":"El-Shweihy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manar G.","family":"Helal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman M.","family":"Sarhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"65150_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14071339","volume":"14","author":"NEA El-Naggar","year":"2022","unstructured":"El-Naggar, N. 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