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The methodology is applied to a realistic 25-bus, 11\u00a0kV radial distribution network modeled after the El-Shohada district in Menofia Governorate, Egypt. To balance inherently conflicting technical and financial objectives, a multi-objective penalty function is formulated. It simultaneously minimizes active power losses, mitigates voltage deviations, and maximizes investor profitability based on contemporary Egyptian energy tariff structures. The recently developed metaheuristic Growth Optimization (GO) algorithm is utilized to determine the optimal bus locations and capacities of these units over a 24-hour horizon, factoring in stochastic load profiles, solar irradiance, and EV charging behavior. Statistical validation based on 30 independent optimization runs demonstrates the high computational efficiency of the GO algorithm, yielding an optimal equilibrium that enhances grid reliability while providing a solid economic foundation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-65285-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T16:03:59Z","timestamp":1787155439000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancing El-Shohada distribution network: techno-economic optimization of PV and EV infrastructure using growth optimization algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Adel A. 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