{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T22:25:39Z","timestamp":1787351139744,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41971345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971345"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-65412-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T21:34:59Z","timestamp":1787261699000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Driving mechanisms of drought triggers in response to vegetation loss across the Weihe River Basin"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1097-3550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4826-8703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinwen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"65412_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676-020-01155-1","volume":"32","author":"S Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang, S. et al. A commentary review on the use of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in the era of popular remote sensing. J. For. Res. 32(1), 1\u20136 (2020).","journal-title":"J. For. Res."},{"key":"65412_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2025.108019","author":"L Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, L. et al. Lagged and cumulative effects of drought on global vegetation greenness, coverage, and productivity. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eiar.2025.108019 (2025).","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"65412_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/8\/2\/025009","volume":"8","author":"G Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu, G. & Yin, Y. Global patterns of NDVI-indicated vegetation extremes and their sensitivity to climate extremes. Environ. Res. Lett. 8(2), 025009 (2013).","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"65412_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.110932","author":"H Ren","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ren, H. et al. Vegetation response to changes in climate across different climate zones in China. Ecol. Indic. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.110932 (2023).","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"65412_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2025.132945","author":"C Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, C. et al. Response and recovery times of vegetation productivity under drought stress: Dominant factors and relationships. J. Hydrol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2025.132945 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"65412_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2025.105474","author":"X Yuan","year":"2026","unstructured":"Yuan, X. et al. The response of water-carbon coupling to drought stress in terrestrial ecosystems in China. J. Arid Environ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2025.105474 (2026).","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"65412_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2025.105394","author":"J Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu, J. et al. Asymmetric effects of daytime and nighttime warming on vegetation greenness in the Mongolian Plateau. J. Arid Environ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2025.105394 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"65412_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.13945","volume":"36","author":"SA Kannenberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kannenberg, S. A. et al. Opportunities, challenges and pitfalls in characterizing plant water-use strategies. Funct. Ecol. 36(1), 24\u201337 (2021).","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"65412_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2022.106328","author":"Y Ding","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ding, Y. et al. Response of vegetation to drought and yield monitoring based on NDVI and SIF. CATENA https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.catena.2022.106328 (2022).","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"issue":"6045","key":"65412_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201609","volume":"333","author":"Y Pan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pan, Y., Fang, J., Houghton, R. & Kauppi, P. E. A large and persistent carbon sink in the world\u2019s forests. Science 333(6045), 988\u2013993 (2011).","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"65412_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-018-9363-5","volume":"62","author":"S Piao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Piao, S. et al. The impacts of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle: A review. Sci. China Earth Sci. 62(10), 1551\u20131563 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"issue":"7666","key":"65412_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23021","volume":"548","author":"CR Schwalm","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schwalm, C. R. et al. Global patterns of drought recovery. Nature 548(7666), 202\u2013205 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"65412_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2019.05.002","volume":"275","author":"W Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, W. et al. Negative extreme events in gross primary productivity and their drivers in China during the past three decades. Agric. For. Meteorol. 275, 47\u201358 (2019).","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"65412_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.109409","author":"C Zhan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhan, C. et al. Drought-related cumulative and time-lag effects on vegetation dynamics across the Yellow River Basin, China. Ecol. Indic. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.109409 (2022).","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"65412_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2025.133823","author":"C Du","year":"2025","unstructured":"Du, C. et al. Evaluating the impact of drought-vegetation loss coupling on eco-hydrological stability in the Yellow River Basin, China. J. Hydrol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2025.133823 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"issue":"1","key":"65412_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16998","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16998","volume":"30","author":"M Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun, M. et al. Drought thresholds that impact vegetation reveal the divergent responses of vegetation growth to drought across China. Global Change Biol. 30(1), 16998 (2023).","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"65412_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2025.133642","author":"X Lai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lai, X., Liao, K. & Zhu, Q. Widespread vegetation regime shifts across China as indicated by critical soil moisture thresholds. J. Hydrol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2025.133642 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"65412_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.126487","author":"X Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Identifying a strengthened vegetation sensitivity to drought and its potential drivers at sub-monthly temporal scale in Yangtze River Basin, China. J. Environ. Manage https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.126487 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage"},{"issue":"1","key":"65412_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.13962","volume":"36","author":"M Berdugo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Berdugo, M. et al. Ecological mechanisms underlying aridity thresholds in global drylands. Funct. Ecol. 36(1), 4\u201323 (2021).","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"65412_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2025.109468","author":"C Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang, C. et al. Predicting the risk and trigger thresholds for propagation of meteorological droughts to agricultural droughts in China based on Copula-Bayesian model. Agric. Water Manage https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.agwat.2025.109468 (2025).","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manage"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"65412_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2010.07.012","volume":"391","author":"AK Mishra","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mishra, A. K. & Singh, V. P. A review of drought concepts. J. Hydrol. 391(1\u20132), 202\u2013216 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"65412_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107405","author":"C Ge","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ge, C. et al. Characteristics of propagation from meteorological drought to ecological drought in China: Lag and cumulative effects. Atmos. Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosres.2024.107405 (2024).","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"65412_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafr.2021.100132","author":"AS Daloz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Daloz, A. S. et al. Direct and indirect impacts of climate change on wheat yield in the Indo-Gangetic plain in India. J. Agric. Food Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jafr.2021.100132 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Res."},{"key":"65412_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2025.110715","author":"Z Teleubay","year":"2025","unstructured":"Teleubay, Z., Quiring, S. M. & Leasor, Z. Estimation of impacts-based drought thresholds for the U.S. Corn Belt. Agric. For. Meteorol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.agrformet.2025.110715 (2025).","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"65412_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2025.133977","author":"M Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, M. et al. A novel time-varying threshold level method for evaluating non-stationary hydrological drought. J. Hydrol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2025.133977 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"65412_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2024.112926","author":"W Tangjialeke","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tangjialeke, W. et al. Analysis of drought response thresholds and drought-causing factors of central Asian vegetation. Ecol. Indic. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolind.2024.112926 (2024).","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"65412_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2023.113831","author":"Z Han","year":"2023","unstructured":"Han, Z. et al. GRACE-based dynamic assessment of hydrological drought trigger thresholds induced by meteorological drought and possible driving mechanisms. Remote Sens. Environ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rse.2023.113831 (2023).","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"65412_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2025.109582","author":"T Qian","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qian, T. et al. An agricultural drought early warning threshold model with considering copula combined with diminishing marginal benefit theory: A case study in the Yellow River basin. Agric. Water Manag. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.agwat.2025.109582 (2025).","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"65412_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2025.107950","author":"Y Ding","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ding, Y. et al. Investigating multitype drought propagation thresholds across the different climate regions of China. Atmos. Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosres.2025.107950 (2025).","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"65412_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2023.129782","author":"T Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, T. et al. A CMIP6-based framework for propagation from meteorological and hydrological droughts to socioeconomic drought. J. Hydrol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2023.129782 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"65412_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2025.133810","author":"Y Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Higher frequency and duration of droughts demonstrated by the critical threshold of soil moisture in China drylands. J. Hydrol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2025.133810 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"issue":"1","key":"65412_CR32","first-page":"71","volume":"38","author":"ZL Hu Jing","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hu Jing, Z. L., Ren, J., Wan, H. & Zhang, Q. Threshold dynamics of a reaction\u2013diffusion vegetation water systems with time delay in arid area and semi-arid regions. Mathematica Applicata 38(1), 71\u201378 (2025).","journal-title":"Mathematica Applicata"},{"key":"65412_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos16080964","author":"H Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen, H. et al. Threshold dynamics of vegetation carbon sink loss under multiscale droughts in the Mongolian Plateau. Atmosphere https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/atmos16080964 (2025).","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"65412_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49244-7","author":"Z Fu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fu, Z. et al. Global critical soil moisture thresholds of plant water stress. Nat. Commun. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-49244-7 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"65412_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.4415","author":"S Tong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tong, S. et al. Monitoring of long\u2010term vegetation dynamics and responses to droughts of various timescales in Inner Mongolia. Ecosphere https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ecs2.4415 (2023).","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"65412_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10105-3","author":"J Runge","year":"2019","unstructured":"Runge, J. et al. Inferring causation from time series in Earth system sciences. Nat. Commun. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-10105-3 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"65412_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125087","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Zhao, Z. & Zheng, J. CatBoost: A new approach for estimating daily reference crop evapotranspiration in arid and semi-arid regions of Northern China. J. Hydrol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125087 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"issue":"11","key":"65412_CR38","first-page":"23","volume":"19","author":"M Niazkar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Niazkar, M. et al. Comparing machine learning approaches for estimating soil saturated hydraulic conductivity. PLoS ONE 19(11), 23 (2024).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"65412_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/f16050843","author":"L Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, L., Yuan, Y. & Wang, X. Deciphering spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation drought resilience in China. Forests https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/f16050843 (2025).","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"65412_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2025.108185","author":"S Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, S. et al. Quantifying the drought-flood abrupt alternation events over Wei River Basin: Dynamic evolution characteristics, driving factors and inherent mechanism. Atmos. Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosres.2025.108185 (2025).","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"65412_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.128105","author":"W Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi, W. et al. Quantifying the superimposed effects of drought-flood abrupt alternation stress on vegetation dynamics of the Wei River Basin in China. J. Hydrol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.128105 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"issue":"1","key":"65412_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1207068110","volume":"110","author":"SM Vicente-Serrano","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vicente-Serrano, S. M. Response of vegetation to drought time-scales across global land biomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 110(1), 52\u201357 (2013).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"7","key":"65412_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JCLI2909.1","volume":"23","author":"SM Vicente-Serrano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Beguer\u00eda, S. & L\u00f3pez-Moreno, J. I. A multiscalar drought index sensitive to global warming: The standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index. J. Clim. 23(7), 1696\u20131718 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"65412_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165480","author":"W Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo, W. et al. Precipitation and vegetation transpiration variations dominate the dynamics of agricultural drought characteristics in China. Sci. Total Environ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165480 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"65412_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2023.109349","author":"W Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo, W. et al. Drought trigger thresholds for different levels of vegetation loss in China and their dynamics. Agric. For. Meteorol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.agrformet.2023.109349 (2023).","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"65412_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2020.106266","author":"AN French","year":"2020","unstructured":"French, A. N. et al. Satellite-based NDVI crop coefficients and evapotranspiration with eddy covariance validation for multiple durum wheat fields in the US Southwest. Agric. Water Manag. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.agwat.2020.106266 (2020).","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"65412_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.127129","author":"H Jin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jin, H. et al. Spatio-temporal distribution of NDVI and its influencing factors in China. J. Hydrol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.127129 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"issue":"1","key":"65412_CR48","first-page":"36","volume":"2","author":"P He","year":"2021","unstructured":"He, P. et al. Dynamics of NDVI and its influencing factors in the Chinese Loess Plateau during 2002\u20132018. Reg. Sustain. 2(1), 36\u201346 (2021).","journal-title":"Reg. Sustain."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"65412_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2006.06.033","volume":"332","author":"L Zhang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhang, L. & Singh, V. P. Bivariate rainfall frequency distributions using Archimedean copulas. J. Hydrol. 332(1\u20132), 93\u2013109 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"issue":"5","key":"65412_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-005-9008-9","volume":"20","author":"JT Shiau","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shiau, J. T. Fitting drought duration and severity with two-dimensional copulas. Water Resour. Manag. 20(5), 795\u2013815 (2006).","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"65412_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2023.130455","author":"S Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu, S. et al. Evaluating the cumulative and time-lag effects of vegetation response to drought in Central Asia under changing environments. J. Hydrol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2023.130455 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"65412_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2024.132541","author":"S Gao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gao, S. et al. Dynamic response of vegetation to meteorological drought and driving mechanisms in Mongolian Plateau. J. Hydrol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2024.132541 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"65412_CR53","first-page":"6639","volume":"31","author":"L Prokhorenkova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prokhorenkova, L. GlebVorobev, AleksandrDorogush, Anna VeronikaGulin, Andrey, CatBoost: Unbiased boosting with categorical features. Adv. Neural. Inf. Process. Syst. 31, 6639\u20136649 (2018).","journal-title":"Adv. Neural. Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"65412_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.180355","author":"S Segoni","year":"2025","unstructured":"Segoni, S. et al. Understanding the spatial patterns of major geo-hydrological disasters in Italy using the CatBoost algorithm. Sci. Total Environ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.180355 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"65412_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.128465","author":"J Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu, J. et al. TPE-CatBoost: An adaptive model for soil moisture spatial estimation in the main maize-producing areas of China with multiple environment covariates. J. Hydrol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.128465 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"65412_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15102593","author":"Y Luo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luo, Y. et al. Vegetation growth response and trends after water deficit exposure in the Loess Plateau, China. Remote Sens. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15102593 (2023).","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"issue":"3","key":"65412_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1071\/FP02076","volume":"30","author":"MM Chaves","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chaves, M. M., Maroco, J. P. & Pereira, J. S. Understanding plant responses to drought\u2014From genes to the whole plant. Funct. Plant Biol. 30(3), 239\u2013264 (2003).","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"issue":"7445","key":"65412_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11983","volume":"496","author":"S Jasechko","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jasechko, S. et al. Terrestrial water fluxes dominated by transpiration. Nature 496(7445), 347\u2013350 (2013).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"65412_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2020.107077","author":"L Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, L. et al. Modelling the effects of climate change on transpiration and evaporation in natural and constructed grasslands in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.agee.2020.107077 (2020).","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"issue":"11","key":"65412_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3114","volume":"6","author":"KA Novick","year":"2016","unstructured":"Novick, K. A. et al. The increasing importance of atmospheric demand for ecosystem water and carbon fluxes. Nat. Clim. Change 6(11), 1023\u20131027 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"issue":"6","key":"65412_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-021-1871-7","volume":"31","author":"G Qi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qi, G. et al. Sensitivity and areal differentiation of vegetation responses to hydrothermal dynamics on the northern and southern slopes of the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi province. J. Geogr. Sci. 31(6), 785\u2013801 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"65412_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.892747","author":"C Zhan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhan, C. et al. Vegetation dynamics and its response to climate change in the Yellow River Basin, China. Front. Environ. Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fenvs.2022.892747 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"65412_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10010017","author":"S Ren","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ren, S. et al. Diverse responses of vegetation phenology to climate change in different grasslands in Inner Mongolia during 2000\u20132016. Remote Sens. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10010017 (2000).","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"65412_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2011RG000373","author":"K Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang, K. & Dickinson, R. E. A review of global terrestrial evapotranspiration: Observation, modeling, climatology, and climatic variability. Rev. Geophys. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2011RG000373 (2012).","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"issue":"6","key":"65412_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16485","volume":"226","author":"C Grossiord","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grossiord, C. et al. Plant responses to rising vapor pressure deficit. New Phytol. 226(6), 1550\u20131566 (2020).","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"65412_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2021.108716","author":"W Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, W. et al. Phenology determines water use strategies of three economic tree species in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China. Agric. For. Meteorol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.agrformet.2021.108716 (2022).","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"issue":"1","key":"65412_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.4934","volume":"35","author":"X Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, X. et al. Changes in phenological events and long-term seasonality in response to climate change and the ecological restoration in China\u2019s Loess Plateau. Land Degrad. Dev. 35(1), 520\u2013533 (2023).","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"65412_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137355","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, Q. et al. Plant traits in influencing soil moisture in semiarid grasslands of the Loess Plateau, China. Sci. Total Environ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137355 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"65412_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecofro.2025.05.010","author":"J Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, J. et al. Plant water source and water niche of native typical communities in the Loess Plateau of China. Ecol. Front. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecofro.2025.05.010 (2025).","journal-title":"Ecol. Front."},{"issue":"6","key":"65412_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14619","volume":"25","author":"S Piao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Piao, S. et al. Plant phenology and global climate change: Current progresses and challenges. Glob. Change Biol. 25(6), 1922\u20131940 (2019).","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"65412_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.126539","author":"X Ma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ma, X. et al. Variations in water use strategies of sand-binding vegetation along a precipitation gradient in sandy regions, northern China. J. Hydrol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.126539 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"issue":"3","key":"65412_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12907","volume":"205","author":"WRL Anderegg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anderegg, W. R. L. Spatial and temporal variation in plant hydraulic traits and their relevance for climate change impacts on vegetation. New Phytol. 205(3), 1008\u20131014 (2014).","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"65412_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2024.112094","author":"Y Wang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Regulation of climatic variables and drought on vegetation dynamics in China from 2001 to 2020. Ecol. Indic. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolind.2024.112094 (2001).","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"65412_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.684468","author":"M Lihui","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lihui, M. et al. Effects of slope aspect and rainfall on belowground deep fine root traits and aboveground tree height. Front. Plant Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2021.684468 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"65412_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2025.123415","author":"Y Hu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Hu, Y. & Wang, L. Root depth and leaf stoichiometric homeostasis mediate drought survival of Loess Plateau shelterbelt seedlings. Forest Ecol. Manage https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foreco.2025.123415 (2026).","journal-title":"Forest Ecol. Manage"},{"key":"65412_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2025.1513189","author":"Q Tan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tan, Q. et al. Vegetation greening and climate change respectively regulates the long-term trend and interannual variability in evapotranspiration over the Loess Plateau since the 21st century. Front. Ecol. Evol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fevo.2025.1513189 (2025).","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"65412_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676-026-02011-4","author":"J Li","year":"2026","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. Divergent responses of evapotranspiration and water yield to afforestation and grassland restoration amid climate change on the Loess Plateau. J. For. Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11676-026-02011-4 (2026).","journal-title":"J. For. Res."},{"key":"65412_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.175116","author":"C Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, C. et al. Trigger thresholds and their dynamics of vegetation production loss under different atmospheric and soil drought conditions. Sci. Total Environ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.175116 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-65412-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-65412-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-65412-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T22:02:20Z","timestamp":1787349740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-65412-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["65412"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-65412-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"26330"}}