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Ultrafast X-ray computed tomography is a relatively new technique that can be used to study rapid granular flows in opaque systems. A comparative study is here presented, where ultrafast X-ray computed tomography, camera and simulation with the Discrete Element Method are simultaneously used to investigate the radial segregation of 4-mm spherical polypropylene and glass beads in a rotating drum. The drum filling is varied from 20 to 50%. The granular flow and the associated segregation dynamics at the front-end wall and in the bulk are compared and good agreement among the three methods is found. Similar to unary systems, a transition from the rolling to the sliding regime, characterized by a critical dynamic angle of repose, is also reported.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-65443-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T15:55:37Z","timestamp":1785858937000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of filling degree on particle segregation in a rotating drum - an experimental and numerical study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4010-4408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodoros Nestor","family":"Papapetrou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2195-6012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Bieberle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Barthel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7371-0148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uwe","family":"Hampel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0540-3426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory","family":"Lecrivain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"65443_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.21466","volume":"98","author":"WR Ketterhagen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ketterhagen, W. 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