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However, no large-scale population-based study has investigated public knowledge and stereotypes about tic disorders. We conducted such a survey about knowledge and stereotypes about Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) in Germany in 2024. Among respondents who had heard about GTS (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091,175, 16\u201388 years,\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200947.9\u2009\u00b1\u200916.3), 50% of knowledge items were answered correctly. A score summarizing stereotyping statements revealed an average agreement of 39%. The vast majority associated GTS with coprolalia (87%), copropraxia (75%) and \u2013 less frequently \u2013 with other symptoms that are atypical but frequently portrayed in the media, such as contextualized commentaries (50%) and destroying objects (29%). Subjects who knew someone with GTS had better knowledge than those who did not know anyone with GTS. Regression analyses revealed a significant association between the estimation of own knowledge on GTS as good and stereotypical beliefs. Social media use to get informed about psychiatric diseases was linked to more knowledge and less stereotypes, however, having watched a video depicting individuals with presumed GTS was associated with more stereotypes. Our study demonstrated overall poor knowledge and widespread stereotypes about GTS in Germans. Studies evaluating options for stigma reduction are needed to foster equality and prevent disadvantages for affected persons.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-66366-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T01:34:54Z","timestamp":1787880894000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Stereotypes about tourette syndrome and associations with social media use: results from a large-scale german population survey"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Cramer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4004-0587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Szejko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. 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Compass"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-66366-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-66366-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-66366-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:26:33Z","timestamp":1788276393000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-66366-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["66366"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-66366-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8174252\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Kirsten M\u00fcller-Vahl has received financial or material research support from EU (FP7-HEALTH-2011 No. 278367, FP7-PEOPLE-2012-ITN No. 316978), DFG: GZ MU 1527\/3-1 and GZ MU 1527\/3-2, BMBF: 01KG1421, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Tourette Gesellschaft Deutschland e.V., Else-Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Stiftung, GW pharmaceuticals, Almirall, Abide Therapeutics, Emalex Biosciences, Inc., Noema Pharma, CannaXan, and Therapix Biosiences. She has received consultant\u2019s and other honoraria from Abide Therapeutics, adjupharm, Alexion, AlphaSights Ltd., AMP Alternative Medical Products GmbH, Asavita GmbH, Aurora, Avextra, Becanex, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Bionorica Ethics GmbH, CannaMedical Pharma GmbH, Canopy Grouth, Cansativa, Columbia Care, CTC Communications Corp., DHMS Direct Health Medical Services Ltd., Demecan, Enua pharma, DHMS Direct Health Medical Services Ltd., Ethypharm GmbH, Eurox Group, Global Praxis Group Limited, Hormosan Pharma GmbH, Lundbeck, Marry Jane, MCI Germany, Merck, Neuraxpharm, Noema Pharma, Sanity Group, Stadapharm GmbH, Synendos Therapeutics AG, Syqe, Takeda, Tilray, and Zambon. She is an advisory\/scientific board member for Alexion, Branchenverband Cannabiswirtschaft e.V. (BvCW), CannaMedical Pharma GmbH, Bionorica Ethics GmbH, CannaXan GmbH, Canopy Growth, Columbia Care, Ethypharm GmbH, Hormosan Pharma GmbH, IMC Germany, Leafly Deutschland GmbH, Neuraxpharm, Sanity Group, Stadapharm GmbH, Synendos Therapeutics AG, Syqe Medical Ltd., Therapix Biosciences Ltd., and Tilray. She has received speaker\u2019s fees from Agaplesion Frankfurter Diakonie Kliniken gemeinn\u00fctzige GmbH, Almirall, Aphria Deutschland GmbH, Arbeitsgemeinschaft Cannabis als Medizin (ACM), Astra Zeneca, BDI Diaplan, Bedrocan, Bundesverband pharmazeutischer Cannabinoidunternehmen (BPC), Camurus, canymed GmbH, CEREBRO SPAIN BIDCO S.L, Cogitando GmbH, Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik und Nervenheilkunde (DGPPN), Diplomado Internacional de Endocannabinolog\u00eda (Programa Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud - PUIS, UNAM), Dresden International University (DIU), Emalex, EpiCampusNord, Eurox Deutschland GmbH, Ever pharma GmbH, FOMF, Four20 Pharma, Georgia Medical Cannabis Project (GMCP), Grow Group PLC, Landesamt f\u00fcr Soziales, Jugend und Versorgung Mainz, Hessische Landesstelle f\u00fcr Suchtfragen e.V. (HLS), Laleto, Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe, LIO Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Medizinischer Dienst Westfalen Lippe, Meinhardt Congress GmbH, PR Berater, RENAFAN, Salus gGmbH - Fachklinikum Bernburg, Spectrum Therapeutics GmbH, streamedup! GmbH, Swiss Alpinopharm, SynopticCon GmbH, targoEvent GmbH, Takeda GmbH, Tilray, VFnK \u2013 Verein zur F\u00f6rderung neurologisch Kranker e.V., Verwaltungs-Berufsgenossenschaft (VBG), von Mende Marketing GmbH, Wayland Group, and WeCann.She has received royalties from Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt, Der Neurologie und Psychiater, Elsevier, Medizinisch Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft Berlin, and Kohlhammer. She served as a guest editor for Frontiers in Neurology on the research topic \u201cThe neurobiology and genetics of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: new avenues through large-scale collaborative projects\u201d, is an associate editor for \u201cCannabis and Cannabinoid Research\u201d and an Editorial Board Member of \u201cMedical Cannabis and Cannabinoids\u201d und \u201cMDPI-Reports\u201d and a Scientific board member for \u201cZeitschrift f\u00fcr Allgemeinmedizin\u201d.All other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"27409"}}