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While this advancement enables a wide range of beneficial applications, it also raises serious concerns regarding data reliability, misinformation, and security in critical remote sensing scenarios. Detecting manipulated satellite images remains a challenging task, as they lack human-related cues and instead exhibit complex spatial structures, where artifacts are often subtle and widely distributed. This paper introduces a novel multi-scale framework based on Optical Scanning Holography (OSH) to address this challenge. OSH is employed as a physics-inspired transformation that maps input images into a more informative feature space, where spatial, frequency, and phase characteristics are jointly represented within a unified domain. To further improve feature extraction, OSH is applied at multiple scales to generate complementary representations, which are combined into a multi-channel input. A convolutional neural network (CNN) is then utilized to learn discriminative patterns from this enhanced feature space. Experimental results on a large-scale dataset of real and AI-generated images demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, achieving an accuracy of 99.31%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-67323-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T07:13:41Z","timestamp":1787728421000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-scale optical scanning holography for robust manipulation detection in satellite images"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3683-9046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayada","family":"Khairy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"67323_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2017.2762307","volume":"5","author":"XX Zhu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhu, X. 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