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To establish a foundation for its experimental use, we conducted comprehensive histo-anatomical analyses across major organ systems. The overall body organization and tissue architecture of\n                    <jats:italic>G. rufa<\/jats:italic>\n                    are broadly similar to those of zebrafish (\n                    <jats:italic>Danio rerio<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), indicating a conserved cyprinid body plan. However, several organ systems in\n                    <jats:italic>G. rufa<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibit species-specific differences from zebrafish, including a well-developed adhesive disc around the oral region, a long and coiled intestine, and distinct dark pigmentation of the peritoneum. These species-specific traits may reflect ecological and behavioral adaptations of\n                    <jats:italic>G. rufa<\/jats:italic>\n                    , including benthic scraping in warm, flowing habitats. Physiological assays showed that\n                    <jats:italic>G. rufa<\/jats:italic>\n                    maintained high survival rates and total swimming distance at 37\u00a0\u00b0C, whereas zebrafish exhibited significant mortality and a reduction in total swimming distance under the same conditions. Collectively, this study provides a comprehensive histo-anatomical atlas of\n                    <jats:italic>G. rufa<\/jats:italic>\n                    and documents its marked tolerance to 37\u00a0\u00b0C. Although the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unresolved, these findings establish a foundation for future mechanistic studies of high-temperature tolerance and for evaluation of its suitability as an experimental fish species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-67650-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:04:13Z","timestamp":1789376653000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Histo-anatomical atlas of Garra rufa and its thermal tolerance at human body temperature"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8494-162X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetsuo","family":"Kon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4388-5505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koto","family":"Kon-Nanjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuma","family":"Nihei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqing","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3585-4511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleg","family":"Simakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4111-8262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuhito","family":"Shimada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"67650_CR1","unstructured":"G\u00f6z\u00fckara, SE \u00c7avas, T. 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