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Despite their role in the\n                    <jats:italic>SnRK1<\/jats:italic>\n                    energy-sensing complex, a systematic study of FCS-Like Zinc Finger (FLZ) proteins in soybean has not been reported. We performed a genome-wide identification of the\n                    <jats:italic>GmFLZ<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene family, identifying 40 members distributed across 18 of the 20 soybean chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis of 87 FLZ proteins from\n                    <jats:italic>Glycine max<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Oryza sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                    revealed four major evolutionary clades, suggesting that diversification predates the separation of monocots and dicots. Structural analysis identified ten conserved motifs, with Motifs 1 and 2 present in all family members. Gene duplication analysis identified 304 paralogous pairs, most arising from segmental duplication. Ka\/Ks analysis indicated localized positive selection in six gene pairs and purifying selection in 97.9% of pairs. Tissue-specific expression profiling across nine tissues showed that\n                    <jats:italic>GmFLZ5<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>GmFLZ15<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>GmFLZ25<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>GmFLZ34<\/jats:italic>\n                    had the highest expression levels detected across the\n                    <jats:italic>GmFLZ<\/jats:italic>\n                    family, with\n                    <jats:italic>GmFLZ5<\/jats:italic>\n                    the most highly expressed member in leaves, nodules, and stem and showing moderate expression in pod, root, and root hairs, whereas\n                    <jats:italic>GmFLZ18<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>GmFLZ23<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>GmFLZ37<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed root-preferential expression. RT-qPCR validation under drought (20% PEG-6000) and salt (200 mM NaCl) treatments in the Giza 5 cultivar showed that 36 and 34 of the 40\n                    <jats:italic>GmFLZ<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes, respectively, exhibited at least a two-fold change in expression, with\n                    <jats:italic>GmFLZ21<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>GmFLZ35<\/jats:italic>\n                    among the most strongly induced under salt stress. These findings provide an evolutionary and functional framework for the\n                    <jats:italic>GmFLZ<\/jats:italic>\n                    family and identify candidate genes for future functional studies in soybean stress tolerance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-67801-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T05:44:58Z","timestamp":1788846298000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genome-wide identification, characterization, evolutionary analysis, and expression profiling of the FCS-like zinc finger (FLZ) gene family in soybean (Glycine max L.) under abiotic stresses"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mustafa I.","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5003-9275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sobhi F.","family":"Lamlom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul-Hamid","family":"Emwas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Jaremko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nader R.","family":"Abdelsalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"67801_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99074","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099074","volume":"9","author":"A Laxmi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laxmi, A. 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