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In this case-controlled trial, 80 subjects were divided into 4 groups: group I: healthy control; Group II: systemically healthy stage III\n                    <jats:bold>P<\/jats:bold>\n                    patients; Group III: stage III\n                    <jats:bold>P<\/jats:bold>\n                    patients with controlled T2DM; Group IV: stage III\n                    <jats:bold>P<\/jats:bold>\n                    patients with uncontrolled T2DM. All\n                    <jats:bold>P<\/jats:bold>\n                    patients received NSPT. Three months after NSPT, PRL levels were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as a primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were: pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, and gingival index measurements. At baseline, group IV showed the highest mean PRL levels, followed by Groups III and II, whereas group I showed the least mean values (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). After 3 months, NSPT significantly improved all tested periodontal parameters except the gingival index (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). NSPT reduced the PRL GCF levels in all\n                    <jats:bold>P<\/jats:bold>\n                    groups, with groups II and III showing significantly lower mean PRL levels than group IV (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). PRL levels in groups II and III were significantly higher than those observed in group I at baseline. Elevated GCF levels of PRL seem to be linked to the disease process of\n                    <jats:bold>P<\/jats:bold>\n                    associated with T2DM. NSPT significantly reduced these levels. PRL could represent a valuable biomarker for periodontal inflammation associated with T2DM.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Trial registration:\u00a0<\/jats:bold>\n                    Clinicaltrials.gov. Identifier NCT06941246.on 23 April 2025.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-68268-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T12:14:27Z","timestamp":1788783267000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gingival crevicular fluid levels of prolactin in periodontitis patients with controlled versus uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. a controlled clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sara I.","family":"Eid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahraa M.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olfat G.","family":"Shaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naglaa","family":"El-Wakeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"68268_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25041976","volume":"25","author":"D Szukiewicz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Szukiewicz, D. 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