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Women with one prior CS planned for vaginal birth 2007\u20132020 (N\u2009=\u200938 689). IOL was investigated as a continuum in days and compared with expectant management (EM; onset of birth one day or more later). The risk of severe and moderate maternal and neonatal outcomes at gestational week 37\u201342 was compared between IOL and EM using a multivariable logistic regression model. Results are presented as adjusted absolute risks, relative risks, and adjusted risk differences (aRD), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). IOL compared to EM increased the risk of CS with the maximum at 40 weeks (aRD 5.5%, 95% CI 3.0;6.6). The risk of severe maternal and neonatal outcomes increased with gestational age (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), without difference between IOL and EM. Moderate severe neonatal outcomes were increased at week 37 (aRD 3.8, 95% CI 1.4;7.4) but reduced with IOL at week 39 (aRD\u2009\u2212\u20091.0, 95% CI -1.6;-0.3). For women with prior CS, IOL at weeks 39\u201341 was associated with unplanned CS. Timing of birth influence neonatal outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-70966-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:56:06Z","timestamp":1788965766000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Induction of labour versus expectant management after one previous caesarean birth maternal and neonatal outcomes in a population-based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9173-2909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Hesselman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Gunnarsd\u00f3ttir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Lampa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna-Karin","family":"Wikstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia Brismar","family":"Wendel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Jonsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"70966_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002494","volume":"15","author":"OE Keag","year":"2018","unstructured":"Keag, O. 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