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Med."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The combination of the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and wearable biosensors is transforming healthcare by allowing continuous, real-time monitoring and more intelligent clinical decision-making. This review explores AI-driven monitoring, smart intravenous (IV) infusion automation, and wearable biosensors, and proposes Intelligent IV Automation and Smart Patient Synchronization (INFUSYNC), a conceptual framework synchronizing monitoring, automated fluid delivery, and predictive analytics. The literature shows meaningful progress: wearables increasingly support non-contact monitoring with near clinical-grade accuracy for select parameters, while infusion pumps with dose-error-reduction and AI-assisted decision support are reported to improve delivery precision and safety. Predictive models further support early detection of physiological decline. Progress remains uneven, however: most AI-enabled infusion systems are prototype-stage, closed-loop control remains rare, and interoperability, data security, and privacy remain underdeveloped. Future systems will need compatible, security-by-design, clinically validated, feedback-controlled architectures. Overall, this review outlines a clear but early-stage trajectory toward integrated smart-health environments for IV therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-026-03291-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T09:02:56Z","timestamp":1791968576000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Current status and future outlook of artificial intelligence and automation in intravenous infusion systems"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6965-5630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Islam M.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahma A.","family":"Elkomy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merna A.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemah A.","family":"Farok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roaa E.","family":"Emam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salma A.","family":"kamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reham M.","family":"Asem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"3291_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18563","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3246065","volume":"10","author":"S Balasundaram","year":"2023","unstructured":"Balasundaram, S. et al. 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