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Responses are measured by whole blood intracellular cytokine staining at baseline and 70 days after vaccination with H4:IC31 (subunit vaccine containing Ag85B and TB10.4), Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG, a live attenuated vaccine) or placebo (n\u2009=\u2009~30 per group). H4:IC31 vaccination induces Ag85B and TB10.4-specific CD4 T cells, and an unexpected NKT<jats:sub>like<\/jats:sub>subset, that expresses IFN-\u03b3, TNF and\/or IL-2. BCG revaccination increases frequencies of CD4 T cell subsets that either express Th1 cytokines or IL-22, and modestly increases IFN\u03b3-producing NK cells. In vitro BCG re-stimulation also triggers responses by donor-unrestricted T cells, which may contribute to host responses against mycobacteria. BCG, which demonstrated efficacy against sustained<jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>infection, modulates multiple immune cell subsets, in particular conventional Th1 and Th22 cells, which should be investigated in discovery studies of correlates of protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01288-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]],"date-time":"2020-10-09T10:02:37Z","timestamp":1602237757000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Multidimensional analyses reveal modulation of adaptive and innate immune subsets by tuberculosis 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The remaining\u00a0authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"563"}}