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The infection is reported through changes in the intracellular dynamics of the sentinel cells caused by the disruption of normal cellular function by the infecting bacteria. Here, the Doppler imaging of infected sentinels shows the dynamic characteristics of infections. Invasive <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> serovar Enteritidis and <jats:italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic> penetrate through multicellular tumor spheroids, while non-invasive strains of <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Listeria innocua<\/jats:italic> remain isolated outside the cells, generating different Doppler signatures. Phase distributions caused by intracellular transport display L\u00e9vy statistics, introducing a L\u00e9vy-alpha spectroscopy of bacterial invasion. Antibiotic treatment of infected spheroids, monitored through time-dependent Doppler shifts, can distinguish drug-resistant relative to non-resistant strains. This use of intracellular Doppler spectroscopy of living tissue sentinels opens a new class of microbial assay with potential importance for studying the emergence of antibiotic resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01550-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T22:27:28Z","timestamp":1612996048000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Doppler imaging detects bacterial infection of living tissue"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9372-5147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Honggu","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Zuponcic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Ximenes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Turek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9953-9599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael R.","family":"Ladisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David D.","family":"Nolte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1550_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1437","volume":"7","author":"SB Van Engelenburg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Van Engelenburg, S. 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