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In most domesticates, selection signals for tameness have been superimposed by intensive breeding for economical or other desirable traits. Old World camels, conversely, have maintained high genetic variation and lack secondary bottlenecks associated with breed development. By re-sequencing multiple genomes from dromedaries, Bactrian camels, and their endangered wild relatives, here we show that positive selection for candidate genes underlying traits collectively referred to as \u2018domestication syndrome\u2019 is consistent with neural crest deficiencies and altered thyroid hormone-based signaling. Comparing our results with other domestic species, we postulate that the core set of domestication genes is considerably smaller than the pan-domestication set \u2013 and overlapping genes are likely a result of chance and redundancy. These results, along with the extensive genomic resources provided, are an important contribution to understanding the evolutionary history of camels and the genomic features of their domestication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-1039-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]],"date-time":"2020-06-19T06:03:27Z","timestamp":1592546607000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Genomic signatures of domestication in Old World camels"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7398-6259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert Rodgers","family":"Fitak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elmira","family":"Mohandesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jukka","family":"Corander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adiya","family":"Yadamsuren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Battsetseg","family":"Chuluunbat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omer","family":"Abdelhadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9464-9465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Raziq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7068-9489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0437-5147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Walzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5762-5453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Faye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6941-0257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela Anna","family":"Burger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"1039_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2010.12.009","volume":"334","author":"J-D Vigne","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vigne, J.-D. 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