{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:08:34Z","timestamp":1790359714904,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616716800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001273","name":"CHILDREN with CANCER UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001273","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"RCUK | Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/N003322\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N003322\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Myositis Association. The Caring Cancer Trust. The Humane Research Trust. Cancer Prevention Research Trust."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigate the accumulated microbial and autoantigen antibody repertoire in adult-onset dermatomyositis patients sero-positive for TIF1\u03b3 (TRIM33) autoantibodies. We use an untargeted high-throughput approach which combines immunoglobulin disease-specific epitope-enrichment and identification of microbial and human antigens. We observe antibodies recognizing a wider repertoire of microbial antigens in dermatomyositis. Antibodies recognizing viruses and Poxviridae family species are significantly enriched. The identified autoantibodies recognise a large portion of the human proteome, including interferon regulated proteins; these proteins cluster in specific biological processes. In addition to TRIM33, we identify autoantibodies against eleven further TRIM proteins, including TRIM21. Some of these TRIM proteins share epitope homology with specific viral species including poxviruses. Our data suggest antibody accumulation in dermatomyositis against an expanded diversity of microbial and human proteins and evidence of non-random targeting of specific signalling pathways. Our findings indicate that molecular mimicry and epitope spreading events may play a role in dermatomyositis pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-01932-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T11:03:37Z","timestamp":1616756617000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Analysis of human total antibody repertoires in TIF1\u03b3 autoantibody positive dermatomyositis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4082-5387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyridon","family":"Megremis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4607-7321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas D. J.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4017-2037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaotong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"O\u2019Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William E. R.","family":"Ollier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6492-1288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hector","family":"Chinoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0794-2386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil","family":"Pendleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antony","family":"Payton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynne","family":"Hampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Hampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7248-0539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janine A.","family":"Lamb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"1932_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2018.48","volume":"14","author":"FW Miller","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miller, F. W., Lamb, J. A., Schmidt, J. & Nagaraju, K. Risk factors and disease mechanisms in myositis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 14, 255\u2013268 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"1932_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Betteridge, Z. et al. Frequency, mutual exclusivity and clinical associations of myositis autoantibodies in a combined European cohort of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy patients. J. Autoimmun. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.04.001 (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.04.001"},{"key":"1932_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kex188","volume":"56","author":"Y Abe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abe, Y. et al. Clinical characteristics and change in the antibody titres of patients with anti-MDA5 antibody-positive inflammatory myositis. Rheumatology 56, 1492\u20131497 (2017).","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"1932_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key357","volume":"58","author":"A Oldroyd","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oldroyd, A. et al. The temporal relationship between cancer and adult onset anti-transcriptional intermediary factor 1 antibody-positive dermatomyositis. Rheumatology 58, 650\u2013655 (2019).","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"1932_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2014.08.001","volume":"25","author":"GA Versteeg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Versteeg, G. A., Benke, S., Garcia-Sastre, A. & Rajsbaum, R. InTRIMsic immunity: positive and negative regulation of immune signaling by tripartite motif proteins. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 25, 563\u2013576 (2014).","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"1932_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Tol, S., Hage, A., Giraldo, M. I., Bharaj, P. & Rajsbaum, R. The TRIMendous role of TRIMs in virus-host interactions. Vaccines https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines5030023 (2017).","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines5030023"},{"key":"1932_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.453","volume":"129","author":"V Oke","year":"2009","unstructured":"Oke, V. et al. High Ro52 expression in spontaneous and UV-induced cutaneous inflammation. J. Investig. Dermatol. 129, 2000\u20132010 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"1932_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.09.038","volume":"142","author":"G Zhou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhou, G. et al. Tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) 21 negatively regulates intestinal mucosal inflammation through inhibiting TH1\/TH17 cell differentiation in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 142, 1218\u20131228 (2018). e1212.","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"1932_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2018.31","volume":"14","author":"TLW Muskardin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Muskardin, T. L. W. & Niewold, T. B. Type I interferon in rheumatic diseases. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 14, 214\u2013228 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"1932_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D576","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq901","volume":"39","author":"C Hulo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hulo, C. et al. ViralZone: a knowledge resource to understand virus diversity. Nucleic Acids Res. 39, D576\u2013D582 (2011).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"1932_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D1040","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1215","volume":"41","author":"I Rusinova","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rusinova, I. et al. Interferome v2.0: an updated database of annotated interferon-regulated genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 41, D1040\u2013D1046 (2013).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"1932_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Belinky, F. et al. PathCards: multi-source consolidation of human biological pathways. Database https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/database\/bav006 (2015).","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/bav006"},{"key":"1932_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D607","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1131","volume":"47","author":"D Szklarczyk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Szklarczyk, D. et al. STRING v11: protein-protein association networks with increased coverage, supporting functional discovery in genome-wide experimental datasets. Nucleic Acids Res. 47, D607\u2013D613 (2019).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"1932_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.3390\/v7041726","volume":"7","author":"L Sanchez-Sampedro","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sanchez-Sampedro, L. et al. The evolution of poxvirus vaccines. Viruses 7, 1726\u20131803 (2015).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"1932_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.08.019","volume":"121","author":"DD Taub","year":"2008","unstructured":"Taub, D. D. et al. Immunity from smallpox vaccine persists for decades: a longitudinal study. Am. J. Med. 121, 1058\u20131064 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"1932_CR16","first-page":"328","volume":"24","author":"CH Kempe","year":"1952","unstructured":"Kempe, C. H. Passive immunity to vaccinia in newborns. I. Placental transmission of antibodies. Yale J. Biol. Med. 24, 328\u2013333 (1952).","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"1932_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939371","volume":"40","author":"AA Navarini","year":"2010","unstructured":"Navarini, A. A. et al. Long-lasting immunity by early infection of maternal-antibody-protected infants. Eur. J. Immunol. 40, 113\u2013116 (2010).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"1932_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00001-08","volume":"21","author":"NF Crum-Cianflone","year":"2008","unstructured":"Crum-Cianflone, N. F. Bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral myositis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 21, 473\u2013494 (2008).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"1932_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-010-0118-z","volume":"12","author":"NF Crum-Cianflone","year":"2010","unstructured":"Crum-Cianflone, N. F. Nonbacterial myositis. Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep. 12, 374\u2013382 (2010).","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"1932_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-215","volume":"10","author":"JH Xiu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xiu, J. H. et al. Necrotizing myositis causes restrictive hypoventilation in a mouse model for human enterovirus 71 infection. Virol. J. 10, 215 (2013).","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"1932_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e32834b5457","volume":"23","author":"L Gan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gan, L. & Miller, F. W. State of the art: what we know about infectious agents and myositis. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 23, 585\u2013594 (2011).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"1932_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21083","volume":"53","author":"I Marie","year":"2005","unstructured":"Marie, I. et al. Opportunistic infections in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum. 53, 155\u2013165 (2005).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"1932_CR23","unstructured":"Ignasi Rodriguez-Pinto, Y. S. (ed N. Agmon\u2010Levin and L. Tomljenovic Y. Shoenfeld) (Wiley\u2010Blackwell, 2015)."},{"key":"1932_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211174","volume":"76","author":"J Svensson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Svensson, J., Holmqvist, M., Lundberg, I. E. & Arkema, E. V. Infections and respiratory tract disease as risk factors for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: a population-based case-control study. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 76, 1803\u20131808 (2017).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"1932_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21068","volume":"53","author":"LM Pachman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pachman, L. M. et al. History of infection before the onset of juvenile dermatomyositis: results from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Research Registry. Arthritis Rheum. 53, 166\u2013172 (2005).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"1932_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(19)30012-3","volume":"1","author":"V Kuan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kuan, V. et al. A chronological map of 308 physical and mental health conditions from 4 million individuals in the English National Health Service. Lancet Digit. Health 1, e63\u2013e77 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet Digit. Health"},{"key":"1932_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.144.10.1341","volume":"144","author":"AK Somani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Somani, A. K., Swick, A. R., Cooper, K. D. & McCormick, T. S. Severe dermatomyositis triggered by interferon beta-1a therapy and associated with enhanced type I interferon signaling. Arch. Dermatol. 144, 1341\u20131349 (2008).","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"1932_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11081","volume":"1","author":"J Neely","year":"2019","unstructured":"Neely, J. et al. Gene expression meta\u2010analysis reveals concordance in gene activation, pathway, and cell\u2010type enrichment in dermatomyositis target tissues. ACR Open Rheumatol. 1, 657\u2013666 (2019).","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatol."},{"key":"1932_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2527","volume":"9","author":"C Munz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Munz, C., Lunemann, J. D., Getts, M. T. & Miller, S. D. Antiviral immune responses: triggers of or triggered by autoimmunity? Nat. Rev. Immunol. 9, 246\u2013258 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"1932_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.45","volume":"14","author":"YK Chan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chan, Y. K. & Gack, M. U. Viral evasion of intracellular DNA and RNA sensing. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 14, 360\u2013373 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"1932_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(01)00172-8","volume":"15","author":"V Panoutsakopoulou","year":"2001","unstructured":"Panoutsakopoulou, V. et al. Analysis of the relationship between viral infection and autoimmune disease. Immunity 15, 137\u2013147 (2001).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"1932_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-011-8294-7","volume":"42","author":"MF Cusick","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cusick, M. F., Libbey, J. E. & Fujinami, R. S. Molecular mimicry as a mechanism of autoimmune disease. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. 42, 102\u2013111 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"1932_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(02)00298-8","volume":"3","author":"PG Spear","year":"2002","unstructured":"Spear, P. G. Viral interactions with receptors in cell junctions and effects on junctional stability. Dev. Cell 3, 462\u2013464 (2002).","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"1932_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5145","DOI":"10.3390\/v7092865","volume":"7","author":"JM Torres-Flores","year":"2015","unstructured":"Torres-Flores, J. M. & Arias, C. F. Tight Junctions Go Viral! Viruses 7, 5145\u20135154 (2015).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"1932_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.159400","volume":"128","author":"M Mateo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mateo, M., Generous, A., Sinn, P. L. & Cattaneo, R. Connections matter\u2013how viruses use cell-cell adhesion components. J. Cell Sci. 128, 431\u2013439 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"1932_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8360","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00443-10","volume":"84","author":"W Mothes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mothes, W., Sherer, N. M., Jin, J. & Zhong, P. Virus cell-to-cell transmission. J. Virol. 84, 8360\u20138368 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"1932_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2012.11.004","volume":"3","author":"P Zhong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhong, P., Agosto, L. M., Munro, J. B. & Mothes, W. Cell-to-cell transmission of viruses. Curr. Opin. Virol. 3, 44\u201350 (2013).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"1932_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-017-3718-1","volume":"37","author":"AYS Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee, A. Y. S. A review of the role and clinical utility of anti-Ro52\/TRIM21 in systemic autoimmunity. Rheumatol. Int 37, 1323\u20131333 (2017).","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int"},{"key":"1932_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2013.12.005","volume":"426","author":"R Rajsbaum","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rajsbaum, R., Garcia-Sastre, A. & Versteeg, G. A. TRIMmunity: the roles of the TRIM E3-ubiquitin ligase family in innate antiviral immunity. J. Mol. Biol. 426, 1265\u20131284 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"1932_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kueck, T. et al. Vesicular stomatitis virus transcription is inhibited by TRIM69 in the interferon-induced antiviral state. J. Virol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.01372-19 (2019).","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01372-19"},{"key":"1932_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007322","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007322","volume":"14","author":"MK Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, M. K. et al. Critical role for cholesterol in Lassa fever virus entry identified by a novel small molecule inhibitor targeting the viral receptor LAMP1. PLoS Pathog. 14, e1007322 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"1932_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.11.026","volume":"29","author":"M Vunjak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vunjak, M. & Versteeg, G. A. TRIM proteins. Curr. Biol. 29, R42\u2013R44 (2019).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"1932_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22730","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15188","volume":"8","author":"Y Han","year":"2017","unstructured":"Han, Y., Tian, H., Chen, P. & Lin, Q. TRIM47 overexpression is a poor prognostic factor and contributes to carcinogenesis in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Oncotarget 8, 22730\u201322740 (2017).","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"1932_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-019-1143-x","volume":"38","author":"Q Liang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liang, Q. et al. TRIM47 is up-regulated in colorectal cancer, promoting ubiquitination and degradation of SMAD4. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 38, 159 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"1932_CR45","first-page":"620","volume":"53","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. TRIM27 functions as an oncogene by activating epithelial-mesenchymal transition and p-AKT in colorectal cancer. Int. J. Oncol. 53, 620\u2013632 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"1932_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-9-71","volume":"9","author":"JL Boulay","year":"2009","unstructured":"Boulay, J. L. et al. Loss of heterozygosity of TRIM3 in malignant gliomas. BMC Cancer 9, 71 (2009).","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"1932_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001341","volume":"100","author":"A Hage","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hage, A. & Rajsbaum, R. To TRIM or not to TRIM: the balance of host-virus interactions mediated by the ubiquitin system. J. Gen. Virol. 100, 1641\u20131662 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"1932_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)92429-3","volume":"2","author":"EJ Walker","year":"1986","unstructured":"Walker, E. J. & Jeffrey, P. D. Polymyositis and molecular mimicry, a mechanism of autoimmunity. Lancet 2, 605\u2013607 (1986).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1932_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40883","volume":"71","author":"I Pinal-Fernandez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pinal-Fernandez, I. et al. Myositis autoantigen expression correlates with muscle regeneration but not autoantibody specificity. Arthritis Rheumatol. 71, 1371\u20131376 (2019).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"1932_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.012","volume":"95","author":"M Rojas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rojas, M. et al. Molecular mimicry and autoimmunity. J. Autoimmun. 95, 100\u2013123 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"1932_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215046","volume":"78","author":"S Rothwell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rothwell, S. et al. Focused HLA analysis in Caucasians with myositis identifies significant associations with autoantibody subgroups. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 78, 996\u20131002 (2019).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"1932_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3784","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22928","volume":"56","author":"RJ Walsh","year":"2007","unstructured":"Walsh, R. J. et al. Type I interferon-inducible gene expression in blood is present and reflects disease activity in dermatomyositis and polymyositis. Arthritis Rheum. 56, 3784\u20133792 (2007).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"1932_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29161","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029161","volume":"7","author":"D Wong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wong, D. et al. Interferon and biologic signatures in dermatomyositis skin: specificity and heterogeneity across diseases. PLoS ONE 7, e29161 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1932_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P84","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/59.2.P84","volume":"59","author":"P Rabbitt","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rabbitt, P., Diggle, P., Holland, F. & McInnes, L. Practice and drop-out effects during a 17-year longitudinal study of cognitive aging. J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 59, P84\u2013P97 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"1932_CR55","unstructured":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2018)."},{"key":"1932_CR56","first-page":"57","volume":"17","author":"MF Sanner","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sanner, M. F. Python: a programming language for software integration and development. J. Mol. Graph. 17, 57\u201361 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Graph."},{"key":"1932_CR57","first-page":"267","volume":"205","author":"Z Lu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lu, Z., LaVallie, E. R. & McCoy, J. M. Using bio-panning of FLITRX peptide libraries displayed on E. coli cell surface to study protein-protein interactions. Methods Mol. Biol. 205, 267\u2013280 (2003).","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"1932_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10915","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.22.10915","volume":"89","author":"S Henikoff","year":"1992","unstructured":"Henikoff, S. & Henikoff, J. G. Amino-acid substitution matrices from protein blocks. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89, 10915\u201310919 (1992).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1932_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D26","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn723","volume":"37","author":"DA Benson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Benson, D. A., Karsch-Mizrachi, I., Lipman, D. J., Ostell, J. & Sayers, E. W. GenBank. Nucleic Acids Res. 37, D26\u2013D31 (2009).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"1932_CR60","unstructured":"E., S. E-utilities Quick Start Entrez Programming Utilities Help NCBI. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK25500\/ (2008)."},{"key":"1932_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D136","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr1178","volume":"40","author":"S Federhen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Federhen, S. The NCBI Taxonomy database. Nucleic Acids Res. 40, D136\u2013D143 (2012).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"1932_CR62","unstructured":"Letunic, I. PhyloT\u2014a phylogenetic tree generator, based on NCBI taxonomy. https:\/\/phylot.biobyte.de\/ (2018)."},{"key":"1932_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl529","volume":"23","author":"I Letunic","year":"2007","unstructured":"Letunic, I. & Bork, P. Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL): an online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation. Bioinformatics 23, 127\u2013128 (2007).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"1932_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W242","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw290","volume":"44","author":"I Letunic","year":"2016","unstructured":"Letunic, I. & Bork, P. Interactive tree of life (iTOL) v3: an online tool for the display and annotation of phylogenetic and other trees. Nucleic Acids Res. 44, W242\u2013W245 (2016).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"1932_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.11.002","volume":"18","author":"S Tripathi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tripathi, S. et al. Meta- and orthogonal integration of influenza \u201cOMICs\u201d data defines a role for UBR4 in virus budding. Cell Host Microbe 18, 723\u2013735 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"1932_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.27","volume":"28","author":"M Kanehisa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kanehisa, M. & Goto, S. KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 28, 27\u201330 (2000).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"1932_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D43","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks902","volume":"41","author":"R Apweiler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Apweiler, R. et al. Update on activities at the Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) in 2013. Nucleic Acids Res. 41, D43\u2013D47 (2013).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"1932_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1210-1248","volume":"28","author":"M Uhlen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Uhlen, M. et al. Towards a knowledge-based Human Protein Atlas. Nat. Biotechnol. 28, 1248\u20131250 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"1932_CR69","unstructured":"GraphPad Software, I., San Diego, CA. https:\/\/www.graphpad.com\/scientific-software\/prism\/."}],"container-title":["Communications Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-021-01932-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-021-01932-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-021-01932-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T19:22:56Z","timestamp":1670095376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-021-01932-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1932"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-021-01932-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2399-3642"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2399-3642","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"419"}}