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Despite their key role in the immune response, there are still fundamental gaps in our understanding of ILCs. Here we report a human ILC population present in the follicles of tonsils and lymph nodes termed follicular regulatory ILCs (ILC<jats:sub>FR<\/jats:sub>) that to our knowledge has not been previously identified. ILC<jats:sub>FR<\/jats:sub>have a distinct phenotype and transcriptional program when compared to other defined ILCs. Surprisingly, ILC<jats:sub>FR<\/jats:sub>inhibit the ability of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells to provide B cell help. The localization of ILC<jats:sub>FR<\/jats:sub>to the germinal centers suggests these cells may interfere with germinal center B cell (GC-B) and germinal center Tfh cell (GC-Tfh) interactions through the production of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-\u03b2. Intriguingly, under conditions of impaired GC-Tfh-GC-B cell interactions, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the frequency of these cells is increased. Overall, we predict a role for ILC<jats:sub>FR<\/jats:sub>in regulating GC-Tfh-GC-B cell interactions and propose they expand in chronic inflammatory conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02079-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T10:03:45Z","timestamp":1620813825000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["A follicular regulatory Innate Lymphoid Cell population impairs interactions between germinal center Tfh and B cells"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5127-8545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret H.","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roshell","family":"Muir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marita","family":"Chakhtoura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eirini","family":"Moysi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Moir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7610-5659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison J.","family":"Carey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"Terk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen N.","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talibah","family":"Metcalf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5067-5810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantinos","family":"Petrovas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4768-4094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark J.","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5604-6524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginie","family":"Tardif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6924-4300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elias K.","family":"Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2079_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.09.005","volume":"41","author":"A Diefenbach","year":"2014","unstructured":"Diefenbach, A., Colonna, M. & Koyasu, S. 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