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Increasing knowledge of the human response to HTNV infection can guide the development of new preventative vaccines and therapeutic strategies. Here, we show that HTNV can infect CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells in vivo in patients diagnosed with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Electron microscopy-mediated tracking of the life cycle and ultrastructure of HTNV-infected CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells in vitro showed an association between notable increases in cytoplasmic multivesicular bodies and virus production. Notably, based on a clinical cohort of 280 patients, we found that circulating HTNV-infected CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cell numbers in blood were proportional to disease severity. These results demonstrate that viral infected CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells may be used as an adjunct marker for monitoring HFRS disease progression and that modulating T cell functions may be explored for new treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02182-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T10:08:04Z","timestamp":1622628484000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["HTNV infection of CD8+ T cells is associated with disease progression in HFRS patients"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Rongrong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruixue","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peizhen","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjun","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingwei","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiting","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qikang","family":"Ying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyuan","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqiu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianqi","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4185-1966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xia","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2290-0689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2182_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.17.205005","volume":"96","author":"D Carroll","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carroll, D. et al. 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