{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T01:19:29Z","timestamp":1788311969136,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637539200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI 130105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI 130105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI 13742"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI 13742"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Powassan virus lineage 2 (deer tick virus) is an emergent threat to American public health, causing severe neurologic disease. Its life cycle in nature remains poorly understood. We use a host-specific retrotransposon-targeted real time PCR assay to test the hypothesis that white-footed mice, considered the main eastern U.S. reservoir of the coinfecting agent of Lyme disease, is the reservoir for deer tick virus. Of 20 virus-infected host-seeking nymphal black-legged ticks 65% fed on shrews and none on mice. The proportion of ticks feeding on shrews at a site is positively associated with prevalence of viral infection, but not the Lyme disease agent. Viral RNA is detected in the brain of one shrew. We conclude that shrews are a likely reservoir host for deer tick virus and that host bloodmeal analysis can provide direct evidence to incriminate reservoir hosts, thereby promoting our understanding of the ecology of tick-borne infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02828-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T11:03:08Z","timestamp":1637578988000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Incrimination of shrews as a reservoir for Powassan virus"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5145-9047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heidi K.","family":"Goethert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas N.","family":"Mather","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard W.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Sam R.","family":"Telford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2828_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-7-1657","volume":"82","author":"GD Ebel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ebel, G. D., Spielman, A. & Telford, S. R. III Phylogeny of North American Powassan virus. J. Gen. Virol. 82, 1657\u20131665 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"2828_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis938","volume":"56","author":"MY El Khoury","year":"2013","unstructured":"El Khoury, M. Y. et al. Diagnosis of acute deer tick virus encephalitis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 56, e40\u2013e47 (2013).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2828_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(01)00330-6","volume":"79","author":"DWC Beasley","year":"2001","unstructured":"Beasley, D. W. C., Suderman, M. T., Holbrook, M. R. & Barrett, A. D. T. Nucleotide sequencing and serological evidence that the recently recognized deer tick virus is a genotype of Powassan virus. Virus Res. 79, 81\u201389 (2001).","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"2828_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix435","volume":"65","author":"CE Cavanaugh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cavanaugh, C. E. et al. Fatal deer tick virus infection in Maine. Clin. Infect. Dis. 65, 1043\u20131046 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2828_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101540","volume":"11","author":"O Campbell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Campbell, O. & Krause, P. J. The emergence of human Powassan virus infection in North America. Ticks Tick. Borne Dis. 11, 101540 (2020).","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne Dis."},{"key":"2828_CR6","first-page":"1419","volume":"161","author":"BI Gholam","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gholam, B. I., Puksa, S. & Provias, J. P. Powassan encephalitis: a case report with neuropathology and literature review. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 161, 1419\u20131422 (1999).","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"2828_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0401.980126","volume":"4","author":"S Telford III","year":"1998","unstructured":"Telford, S. III The name Ixodes dammini epidemiologically justified. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 4, 132\u2013134 (1998).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2828_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberg, R. et al. Vital signs: trends in reported vectorborne disease cases\u2014United States and territories, 2004\u20132016. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 67, 496\u2013501 (2018).","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6717e1"},{"key":"2828_CR9","first-page":"971","volume":"86","author":"DM McLean","year":"1962","unstructured":"McLean, D. M. et al. Powassan virus: field investigations in northern Ontario, 1959 to 1961. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 86, 971\u2013974 (1962).","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"2828_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0302.970209","volume":"3","author":"SR Telford 3rd","year":"1997","unstructured":"Telford, S. R. 3rd et al. A new tick-borne encephalitis-like virus infecting New England deer ticks, Ixodes dammini. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 3, 165 (1997).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2828_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02370","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02370-20","volume":"87","author":"HK Goethert","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goethert, H. K., Mather, T. N., Buchthal, J. & Telford, S. R. Retrotransposon-based blood meal analysis of nymphal deer ticks demonstrates spatiotemporal diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti reservoirs. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 87, e02370\u201320 (2021).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"2828_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1086\/587530","volume":"171","author":"NA Hartemink","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hartemink, N. A., Randolph, S. E., Davis, S. A. & Heesterbeek, J. A. P. The basic reproduction number for complex disease systems: Defining R0 for tick\u2010borne infections. Am. Nat. 171, 743\u2013754 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"2828_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.355","volume":"34","author":"JF Levine","year":"1985","unstructured":"Levine, J. F., Wilson, M. L. & Spielman, A. Mice as reservoirs of the Lyme disease spirochete. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 34, 355\u2013360 (1985).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"2828_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2000.99014.x","volume":"14","author":"RS Ostfeld","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ostfeld, R. S. & Keesing, F. Biodiversity and disease risk: the case of Lyme disease. Conserv. Biol. 14, 722\u2013728 (2000).","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"2828_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11745","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011745","volume":"5","author":"E Nonaka","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nonaka, E., Ebel, G. D. & Wearing, H. J. Persistence of pathogens with short infectious periods in seasonal tick populations: The relative importance of three transmission routes. PLoS ONE 5, e11745 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2828_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.55.536","volume":"55","author":"A Costero","year":"1996","unstructured":"Costero, A. & Grayson, M. A. Experimental transmission of Powassan virus (Flaviviridae) by Ixodes scapularis ticks (Acari:Ixodidae). Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 55, 536\u2013546 (1996).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"2828_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.1.295","volume":"30","author":"M Labuda","year":"1993","unstructured":"Labuda, M., Jones, L. D., Williams, T., Danielova, V. & Nuttall, P. A. Efficient transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus between cofeeding ticks. J. Med. Entomol. 30, 295\u2013299 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"2828_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-185","volume":"6","author":"AP Dupuis II","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dupuis, A. P. II et al. Isolation of deer tick virus (Powassan virus, lineage II) from Ixodes scapularis and detection of antibody in vertebrate hosts sampled in the Hudson Valley, New York State. Parasit. Vectors 6, 185 (2013).","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"2828_CR19","first-page":"256","volume":"11","author":"O Kozuch","year":"1967","unstructured":"Kozuch, O., Nosek, J., Lichard, M., Chmela, J. & Ernek, E. Transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus by nymphs of Ixodes ricinus and Haemaphysalis inermis to the common shrew (Sorex araneus). Acta Virol. 11, 256\u2013259 (1967).","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"2828_CR20","first-page":"563-","volume":"11","author":"O Kozuch","year":"1967","unstructured":"Kozuch, O., Lichard, M., Nosek, J. & Chmela, J. Isolation of tick-borne encephalitis virus from blood of Sorex araneus in a natural focus. Acta Virol. 11, 563- (1967).","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"2828_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.6.32","volume":"6","author":"VN Bakhvalova","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bakhvalova, V. N. et al. Natural tick-borne encephalitis virus infection among wild small mammals in the southeastern part of western Siberia, Russia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 6, 32\u201341 (2006).","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"2828_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.63.36","volume":"63","author":"GD Ebel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ebel, G. D., Campbell, E. N., Goethert, H. K., Spielman, A. & Telford, S. R. Enzootic transmission of deer tick virus in New England and Wisconsin sites. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 63, 36\u201342 (2000).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"2828_CR23","first-page":"681","volume":"76","author":"SR Telford 3rd","year":"1990","unstructured":"Telford, S. R. 3rd, Mather, T. N., Adler, G. H. & Spielman, A. Short-tailed shrews as reservoirs of the agents of Lyme disease and human babesiosis. J. Parasitol. 76, 681\u2013683 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"2828_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0185","volume":"11","author":"KJ Bown","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bown, K. J. et al. The Common shrew (Sorex araneus): a neglected host of tick-borne infections? Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 11, 947\u2013953 (2011).","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"2828_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2007.1208","volume":"275","author":"D Brisson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brisson, D., Dykhuizen, D. E. & Ostfeld, R. S. Conspicuous impacts of inconspicuous hosts on the Lyme disease epidemic. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 275, 227\u2013235 (2008).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"2828_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.2144\/00291bm09","volume":"29","author":"GE Truett","year":"2000","unstructured":"Truett, G. E. et al. Preparation of PCR quality mouse genomic DNA with hot sodium hydroxide and Tris (HotSHOT). Biotechniques 29, 52\u201354 (2000).","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"key":"2828_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00151","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00151-17","volume":"2","author":"R Tokarz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tokarz, R. et al. Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia microti, Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia miyamotoi, and Powassan virus in ticks by a multiplex real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay. mSphere 2, e00151\u201317 (2017).","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"2828_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","volume":"35","author":"S Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. & Tamura, K. MEGA X: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol. Biol. Evol. 35, 1547\u20131549 (2018).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"2828_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.04.006","volume":"9","author":"SJ Halsey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Halsey, S. J., Allan, B. F. & Miller, J. R. The role of Ixodes scapularis, Borrelia burgdorferi and wildlife hosts in Lyme disease prevalence: a quantitative review. Ticks Tick. Borne Dis. 9, 1103\u20131114 (2018).","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne Dis."}],"container-title":["Communications Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-021-02828-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-021-02828-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-021-02828-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T20:03:07Z","timestamp":1670097787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-021-02828-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2828"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-021-02828-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2399-3642"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2399-3642","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 July 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1319"}}