{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T20:17:58Z","timestamp":1793305078388,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641772800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>It is unclear whether West Nile virus (WNV) circulates endemically in Portugal. Despite the country\u2019s adequate climate for transmission, Portugal has only reported four human WNV infections so far. We performed a review of WNV-related data (1966\u20132020), explored mosquito (2016\u20132019) and land type distributions (1992\u20132019), and used climate data (1981\u20132019) to estimate WNV transmission suitability in Portugal. Serological and molecular evidence of WNV circulation from animals and vectors was largely restricted to the south. Land type and climate-driven transmission suitability distributions, but not the distribution of WNV-capable vectors, were compatible with the North-South divide present in serological and molecular evidence of WNV circulation. Our study offers a comprehensive, data-informed perspective and review on the past epidemiology, surveillance and climate-driven transmission suitability of WNV in Portugal, highlighting the south as a subregion of importance. Given the recent WNV outbreaks across Europe, our results support a timely change towards local, active surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02969-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T06:04:32Z","timestamp":1641794672000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["West Nile virus transmission potential in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9318-2581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00edlvia C.","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7258-1439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00edbia","family":"Z\u00e9-Z\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9911-2891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel S. C.","family":"Damineli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5849-7326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Giovanetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo C.","family":"Os\u00f3rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Amaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Lu\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarida D.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Fagulha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria J.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7594-9745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uri","family":"Obolski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2969_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(04)01128-4","volume":"4","author":"BP Granwehr","year":"2004","unstructured":"Granwehr, B. P. et al. West Nile virus: Where are we now? Lancet. Infect. Dis. 4, 547\u2013556 (2004).","journal-title":"Lancet. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2969_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00368-7","volume":"2","author":"GL Campbell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Campbell, G. L., Marfin, A. A., Lanciotti, R. S. & Gubler, D. J. West Nile virus. Lancet. Infect. Dis. 2, 519\u2013529 (2002).","journal-title":"Lancet. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2969_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.8042","volume":"310","author":"LR Petersen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Petersen, L. R., Brault, A. C. & Nasci, R. S. West Nile virus: Review of the literature. JAMA. 310, 308\u2013315 (2013).","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"2969_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-39","volume":"44","author":"V Gamino","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gamino, V. & H\u00f6fle, U. Pathology and tissue tropism of natural West Nile virus infection in birds: A review. Vet. Res. 44, 39 (2013).","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"2969_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0804.010239","volume":"8","author":"ML Bunning","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bunning, M. L. et al. Experimental infection of horses with West Nile virus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8, 380-386 (2002).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2969_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1108.050289b","volume":"11","author":"EB Hayes","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hayes, E. B. et al. Virology, pathology, and clinical manifestations of West Nile virus disease. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11, 1174\u20131179 (2005).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2969_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9121073","volume":"9","author":"J-C Saiz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saiz, J.-C. Animal and Human Vaccines against West Nile Virus. Pathogens. 9, 1073 (2020).","journal-title":"Pathogens."},{"key":"2969_CR8","first-page":"394","volume":"9","author":"A Rizzoli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rizzoli, A. et al. Parasites and wildlife in a changing world: The vector-host- pathogen interaction as a learning case. Int. J. Parasitology: Parasites. Wildl. 9, 394\u2013401 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitology: Parasites. Wildl."},{"key":"2969_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-019-01837-4","volume":"64","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Yim, S. H. L., Yang, Y. & Morin, C. W. The effect of urbanization and climate change on the mosquito population in the Pearl River Delta region of China. Int. J. Biometeorol. 64, 501\u2013512 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"2969_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2559-9","volume":"11","author":"L Braack","year":"2018","unstructured":"Braack, L., Gouveia de Almeida, A. P., Cornel, A. J., Swanepoel, R. & de Jager, C. Mosquito-borne arboviruses of African origin: Review of key viruses and vectors. Parasites. Vectors. 11, 29 (2018).","journal-title":"Parasites. Vectors."},{"key":"2969_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15122775","volume":"15","author":"N Johnson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Johnson, N. et al. Emerging mosquito-borne threats and the response from european and eastern mediterranean countries. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 15, 2775 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health."},{"key":"2969_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29820","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.29820","volume":"6","author":"J Louren\u00e7o","year":"2017","unstructured":"Louren\u00e7o, J. et al. Epidemiological and ecological determinants of Zika virus transmission in an urban setting. Elife. 6, e29820 (2017).","journal-title":"Elife."},{"key":"2969_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.01.085","volume":"30","author":"M Giovanetti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giovanetti, M. et al. Genomic and Epidemiological Surveillance of Zika Virus in the Amazon Region. Cell Rep. 30, 2275\u20132283.e7 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2969_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat7115","volume":"361","author":"NR Faria","year":"2018","unstructured":"Faria, N. R. et al. Genomic and epidemiological monitoring of yellow fever virus transmission potential. Science. 361, 894\u2013899 (2018).","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"2969_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2904","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31838-4","volume":"388","author":"JT Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu, J. T., Peak, C. M., Leung, G. M. & Lipsitch, M. Fractional dosing of yellow fever vaccine to extend supply: a modelling study. Lancet. 388, 2904\u20132911 (2016).","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"2969_CR16","first-page":"195","volume":"267","author":"B Murgue","year":"2002","unstructured":"Murgue, B., Zeller, H. & Deubel, V. The ecology and epidemiology of West Nile virus in Africa, Europe, and Asia. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 267, 195\u2013221 (2002).","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"2969_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15066","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1206598109","volume":"109","author":"OG Pybus","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pybus, O. G. et al. Unifying the spatial epidemiology and molecular evolution of emerging epidemics. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 15066\u201315071 (2012).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2969_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19122-z","volume":"11","author":"S Dellicour","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dellicour, S. et al. Epidemiological hypothesis testing using a phylogeographic and phylodynamic framework. Nat. Commun. 11, 1\u201311 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2969_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58511","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.58511","volume":"9","author":"MS Shocket","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shocket, M. S. et al. Transmission of West Nile and five other temperate mosquito-borne viruses peaks at temperatures between 23\u2009\u00b0C and 26\u2009\u00b0C. Elife. 9, e58511 (2020).","journal-title":"Elife."},{"key":"2969_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800428","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.32.1800428","volume":"23","author":"JM Haussig","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haussig, J. M. et al. Early start of the West Nile fever transmission season 2018 in Europe. Euro. Surveill. 23, 1800428 (2018).","journal-title":"Euro. Surveill."},{"key":"2969_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-020-00568-1","volume":"16","author":"F Riccardo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Riccardo, F. et al. West Nile virus in Europe: after action reviews of preparedness and response to the 2018 transmission season in Italy, Slovenia, Serbia and Greece. Glob. Health. 16, 47 (2020).","journal-title":"Glob. Health."},{"key":"2969_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001938","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.46.2001938","volume":"25","author":"T Bakonyi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bakonyi, T. & Haussig, J. M. West Nile virus keeps on moving up in Europe. Eurosurveillance. 25, 2001938 (2020).","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance."},{"key":"2969_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlaskamp, D. R. M. et al. First autochthonous human West Nile virus infections in the Netherlands, July to August 2020. Eurosurveillance. 25, 2001904 (2020).","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.46.2001904"},{"key":"2969_CR24","unstructured":"West Nile virus in Europe in 2020 - human cases compared to previous seasons, updated 8 October 2020. https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/west-nile-virus-europe-2020-human-cases-compared-previous-seasons-updated-8 (2020)."},{"key":"2969_CR25","unstructured":"Weekly updates: 2020 West Nile virus transmission season. https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/west-nile-fever\/surveillance-and-disease-data\/disease-data-ecdc."},{"key":"2969_CR26","unstructured":"Council Directive 82\/894\/EEC of 21 December 1982 on the notification of animal diseases within the Community. EUR-Lex https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/ALL\/?uri=CELEX:31982L0894."},{"key":"2969_CR27","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority. https:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/en."},{"key":"2969_CR28","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control - West Nile virus. https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/west-nile-virus-infection."},{"key":"2969_CR29","unstructured":"REVIVE - Rede de Vigil\u00e2ncia de Vetores. http:\/\/www2.insa.pt\/sites\/INSA\/Portugues\/AreasCientificas\/DoencasInfecciosas\/AreasTrabalho\/EstVectDoencasInfecciosas\/Paginas\/Revive.aspx."},{"key":"2969_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11583","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph111111583","volume":"11","author":"HC Os\u00f3rio","year":"2014","unstructured":"Os\u00f3rio, H. C., Z\u00e9-Z\u00e9, L., Amaro, F. & Alves, M. J. Mosquito surveillance for prevention and control of emerging mosquito-borne diseases in Portugal - 2008-2014. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 11, 11583\u201311596 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health."},{"key":"2969_CR31","unstructured":"European network for sharing data on the geographic distribution of arthropod vectors, transmitting human and animal disease agents (VectorNet). https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/about-us\/partnerships-and-networks\/disease-and-laboratory-networks\/vector-net."},{"key":"2969_CR32","first-page":"197","volume":"1","author":"AR Filipe","year":"1967","unstructured":"Filipe, A. R. Anticorpos contra virus transmitidos por artropodos-arbovirus do grupo B em animais do Sul de Portugal: inqu\u00e9rito serol\u00f3gico preliminar com o v\u00edrus West Nile, estirpe Egypt 101. Ann. Esc. Nacional de. Sa\u00fade. P\u00fablica de. Med. Tropical 1, 197\u2013204 (1967).","journal-title":"Ann. Esc. Nacional de. Sa\u00fade. P\u00fablica de. Med. Tropical"},{"key":"2969_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1969.18.423","volume":"18","author":"AR Filipe","year":"1969","unstructured":"Filipe, A. R. & Pinto, M. R. Survey for antibodies to arboviruses in serum of animals from southern Portugal. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 18, 423\u2013426 (1969).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"2969_CR34","unstructured":"Filipe, A. R. & Campani\u00e7o, M. Encefalomielite equina por arbov\u00edrus. A prop\u00f3sito de uma epizootia presuntiva causada pelo v\u00edrus West Nile. Revista Portuguesa de Ci\u00eancias Veterin\u00e1rias LXVIII, (1973)."},{"key":"2969_CR35","first-page":"361","volume":"16","author":"AR Filipe","year":"1972","unstructured":"Filipe, A. R. Isolation in Portugal of West Nile virus from Anopheles maculipennis mosquitoes. Acta Virol. 16, 361 (1972).","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"2969_CR36","unstructured":"Filipe, A. R. Anticorpos contra arbov\u00edrus na popula\u00e7\u00e3o de Portugal. Separata de O M\u00e9dico. LXVII, 731\u2013732 (1973)."},{"key":"2969_CR37","first-page":"61","volume":"101","author":"P Formosinho","year":"2006","unstructured":"Formosinho, P. et al. O v\u00edrus West Nile em Portugal \u2013 estudos de vigil\u00e2ncia epidemiol\u00f3gica. Rev. Portuguesa de. Ci\u00eancias Veterin\u00e1rias 101, 61\u201368 (2006).","journal-title":"Rev. Portuguesa de. Ci\u00eancias Veterin\u00e1rias"},{"key":"2969_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.05.013","volume":"152","author":"SC Barros","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barros, S. C. et al. Serological evidence of West Nile virus circulation in Portugal. Vet. Microbiol. 152, 407\u2013410 (2011).","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"2969_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.03.011","volume":"102","author":"APG Almeida","year":"2008","unstructured":"Almeida, A. P. G. et al. Potential mosquito vectors of arboviruses in Portugal: Species, distribution, abundance and West Nile infection. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 102, 823\u2013832 (2008).","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"2969_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2005.5.410","volume":"5","author":"A Esteves","year":"2005","unstructured":"Esteves, A. et al. West Nile virus in Southern Portugal, 2004. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 5, 410\u2013413 (2005).","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"2969_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.11.008","volume":"212","author":"SC Barros","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barros, S. C. et al. West Nile virus in horses during the summer and autumn seasons of 2015 and 2016, Portugal. Vet. Microbiol. 212, 75\u201379 (2017).","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"2969_CR42","unstructured":"World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) - West Nile reports. Information received on 03\/09\/2015 from Prof. Dr \u00c1lvaro Mendon\u00e7a, Director General, Direc\u00e7\u00e3o Geral de Alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o e Veterin\u00e1ria, Minist\u00e9rio da Agricultura E do Mar, Lisboa, Portugal https:\/\/www.oie.int\/wahis_2\/public\/wahid.php\/Reviewreport\/Review?page_refer=MapFullEventReport&reportid=18585 (2015)."},{"key":"2969_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connell, J. et al. Two linked cases of West Nile virus (WNV) acquired by Irish tourists in the Algarve, Portugal. Weekly releases (1997\u20132007) 8, 2517 (2004).","DOI":"10.2807\/esw.08.32.02517-en"},{"key":"2969_CR44","first-page":"46","volume":"8","author":"MJ Alves","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alves, M. J. et al. Infec\u00e7\u00e3o por v\u00edrus West Nile [Flaviv\u00edrus] em Portugal. Considera\u00e7\u00f5es acerca de. um. caso cl.\u00ednico de. s.\u00edndrome febril com. exantema 8, 46\u201351 (2012).","journal-title":"Considera\u00e7\u00f5es acerca de. um. caso cl.\u00ednico de. s.\u00edndrome febril com. exantema"},{"key":"2969_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30024","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.38.30024","volume":"20","author":"L Z\u00e9-Z\u00e9","year":"2015","unstructured":"Z\u00e9-Z\u00e9, L. et al. Human case of West Nile neuroinvasive disease in Portugal, summer 2015. Eurosurveillance 20, 30024 (2015).","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"2969_CR46","unstructured":"Direc\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral de Veterin\u00e1ria (Directorate-General of Veterinary). National statistics on official number of equines in subregions of Portugal. http:\/\/srvbamid.dgv.min-agricultura.pt\/portal\/page\/portal\/DGV\/genericos?actualmenu=23555&generico=33698230&cboui=33698230."},{"key":"2969_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12020","volume":"28","author":"HC Os\u00f3rio","year":"2014","unstructured":"Os\u00f3rio, H. C., Z\u00e9-Z\u00e9, L., Amaro, F., Nunes, A. & Alves, M. J. Sympatric occurrence of Culex pipiens (Diptera, Culicidae) biotypes pipiens, molestus and their hybrids in Portugal, Western Europe: feeding patterns and habitat determinants. Med. Vet. Entomol. 28, 103\u2013109 (2014).","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"2969_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-014-0941-z","volume":"11","author":"NL Gottdenker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gottdenker, N. L., Streicker, D. G., Faust, C. L. & Carroll, C. R. Anthropogenic land use change and infectious diseases: A review of the evidence. Ecohealth. 11, 619\u2013632 (2014).","journal-title":"Ecohealth."},{"key":"2969_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3543","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10083543","volume":"10","author":"S Paz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Paz, S. & Semenza, J. C. Environmental drivers of West Nile fever epidemiology in Europe and Western Asia\u2013a review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 10, 3543\u20133562 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health."},{"key":"2969_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/47.5.939","volume":"47","author":"L Eisen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eisen, L. et al. Irrigated agriculture is an important risk factor for West Nile virus disease in the hyperendemic Larimer-Boulder-Weld area of north central Colorado. J. Med. Entomol. 47, 939\u2013951 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"2969_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2008.12.004","volume":"89","author":"MC Gates","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gates, M. C. & Boston, R. C. Irrigation linked to a greater incidence of human and veterinary West Nile virus cases in the United States from 2004 to 2006. Prev. Vet. Med 89, 134\u2013137 (2009).","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med"},{"key":"2969_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0120","volume":"99","author":"TJ Kovach","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kovach, T. J. & Kilpatrick, A. M. Increased human incidence of West Nile virus disease near rice fields in California but Not in Southern United States. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 99, 222\u2013228 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"2969_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817001625","volume":"145","author":"JP Rocheleau","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rocheleau, J. P. et al. Characterizing environmental risk factors for West Nile virus in Quebec, Canada, using clinical data in humans and serology in pet dogs. Epidemiol. Infect. 145, 2797\u20132807 (2017).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"2969_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900629","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.46.1900629","volume":"25","author":"J Louren\u00e7o","year":"2020","unstructured":"Louren\u00e7o, J., Thompson, R. N., Th\u00e9z\u00e9, J. & Obolski, U. Characterising West Nile virus epidemiology in Israel using a transmission suitability index. Euro Surveill. 25, 1900629 (2020).","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"2969_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13205","volume":"10","author":"U Obolski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Obolski, U. et al. MVSE: An R-package that estimates a climate-driven mosquito-borne viral suitability index. Methods Ecol. Evol. 10, 1357\u20131370 (2019).","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2969_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20391-x","volume":"12","author":"ME Petrone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Petrone, M. E. et al. Asynchronicity of endemic and emerging mosquito-borne disease outbreaks in the Dominican Republic. Nat. Commun. 12, 151 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2969_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.04962","volume":"43","author":"BB Hansen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hansen, B. B., Gr\u00f8tan, V., Herfindal, I. & Lee, A. M. The Moran effect revisited: spatial population synchrony under global warming. Ecography 43, 1591\u20131602 (2020).","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"2969_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.13157\/arla.62.2.2015.255","volume":"62","author":"J Arizaga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arizaga, J. et al. Migratory Connectivity in European Bird Populations: Feather stable isotope values correlate with biometrics of breeding and wintering BluethroatsLuscinia svecica. Ardeola. 62, 255\u2013267 (2015).","journal-title":"Ardeola."},{"key":"2969_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jav\u201301513","DOI":"10.1111\/jav.01513","volume":"49","author":"V-M Pakanen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pakanen, V.-M. et al. Migration strategies of the Baltic dunlin: Rapid jump migration in the autumn but slower skipping type spring migration. J. Avian Biol. 49, jav\u201301513 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Avian Biol."},{"key":"2969_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s10336-013-1036-2","volume":"155","author":"S Pardal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pardal, S. et al. Shorebird low spillover risk of mosquito-borne pathogens on Iberian wetlands. J. Ornithol. 155, 549\u2013554 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Ornithol."},{"key":"2969_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0831-4","volume":"8","author":"A Rizzoli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rizzoli, A. et al. Understanding West Nile virus ecology in Europe: Culex pipiens host feeding preference in a hotspot of virus emergence. Parasit. Vectors. 8, 1\u201313 (2015).","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors."},{"key":"2969_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e82","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040082","volume":"4","author":"AM Kilpatrick","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kilpatrick, A. M., Kramer, L. D., Jones, M. J., Marra, P. P. & Daszak, P. West Nile virus epidemics in North America are driven by shifts in mosquito feeding behavior. PLoS Biol. 4, e82 (2006).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"2969_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005568","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005568","volume":"11","author":"EA Mordecai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mordecai, E. A. et al. Detecting the impact of temperature on transmission of Zika, dengue, and chikungunya using mechanistic models. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 11, e0005568 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"2969_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1677-0","volume":"9","author":"CBF Vogels","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vogels, C. B. F., Fros, J. J., G\u00f6ertz, G. P., Pijlman, G. P. & Koenraadt, C. J. M. Vector competence of northern European Culex pipiens biotypes and hybrids for West Nile virus is differentially affected by temperature. Parasit. Vectors 9, 393 (2016).","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"2969_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0515","volume":"86","author":"T-W Chuang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chuang, T.-W., Hockett, C. W., Kightlinger, L. & Wimberly, M. C. Landscape-level spatial patterns of West Nile virus risk in the northern Great Plains. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 86, 724\u2013731 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"2969_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55006","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055006","volume":"8","author":"DW Crowder","year":"2013","unstructured":"Crowder, D. W. et al. West nile virus prevalence across landscapes is mediated by local effects of agriculture on vector and host communities. PLoS One 8, e55006 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2969_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12742","volume":"65","author":"I Garc\u00eda-Bocanegra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Bocanegra, I. et al. Epidemiology and spatio-temporal analysis of West Nile virus in horses in Spain between 2010 and 2016. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 65, 567\u2013577 (2018).","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"2969_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lourenco, J. MVSE - WNV related files for Portugal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.c.5281664.v1 (2021).","DOI":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.c.5281664.v1"},{"key":"2969_CR69","first-page":"3601","volume":"277","author":"F Jiguet","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jiguet, F. et al. Bird population trends are linearly affected by climate change along species thermal ranges. Proc. Biol. Sci. 277, 3601\u20133608 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"2969_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2020.00189","volume":"8","author":"LJ Cator","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cator, L. J. et al. The Role of Vector Trait Variation in Vector-Borne Disease Dynamics. Front Ecol. Evol. 8, 189 (2020).","journal-title":"Front Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2969_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e08347","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.08347","volume":"4","author":"MUG Kraemer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kraemer, M. U. G. et al. The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Elife 4, e08347 (2015).","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2969_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006284","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006284","volume":"12","author":"A Hamlet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hamlet, A. et al. The seasonal influence of climate and environment on yellow fever transmission across Africa. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 12, e0006284 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"2969_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.04.017","volume":"23","author":"J Th\u00e9z\u00e9","year":"2018","unstructured":"Th\u00e9z\u00e9, J. et al. Genomic Epidemiology Reconstructs the Introduction and Spread of Zika Virus in Central America and Mexico. Cell Host. Microbe. 23, 855\u2013864.e7 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell Host. Microbe."},{"key":"2969_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perez-Guzman, P. N. et al. Measuring Mosquito-borne Viral Suitability in Myanmar and Implications for Local Zika Virus Transmission. PLoS Curr. 10, (2018).","DOI":"10.1371\/currents.outbreaks.7a6c64436a3085ebba37e5329ba169e6"},{"key":"2969_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2019.1701954","volume":"9","author":"Z Pereira Gusm\u00e3o Maia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pereira Gusm\u00e3o Maia, Z. et al. Return of the founder Chikungunya virus to its place of introduction into Brazil is revealed by genomic characterization of exanthematic disease cases. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 9, 53\u201357 (2020).","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"2969_CR76","unstructured":"Copernicus Climate Data Store. https:\/\/cds.climate.copernicus.eu\/cdsapp#!\/dataset\/ecv-for-climate-change?tab=overview."},{"key":"2969_CR77","unstructured":"Louren\u00e7o, J. & Obolski, U. MVSE R-package official page. https:\/\/sourceforge.net\/projects\/mvse\/."},{"key":"2969_CR78","unstructured":"R-Forge: Circular Statistics: Project Home. https:\/\/r-forge.r-project.org\/projects\/circular\/."},{"key":"2969_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v057.i13","volume":"57","author":"M Geraci","year":"2014","unstructured":"Geraci, M. Linear Quantile Mixed Models: The lqmm Package for Laplace Quantile Regression. J. Stat. Softw. 57, 1\u201329 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"2969_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3267","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erx032","volume":"68","author":"DSC Damineli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Damineli, D. S. C., Portes, M. T. & Feij\u00f3, J. A. Oscillatory signatures underlie growth regimes in Arabidopsis pollen tubes: computational methods to estimate tip location, periodicity, and synchronization in growing cells. J. Exp. Bot. 68, 3267\u20133281 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"2969_CR81","unstructured":"wavelets: Functions for Computing Wavelet Filters, Wavelet Transforms and Multiresolution Analyses. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=wavelets."},{"key":"2969_CR82","unstructured":"biwavelet GitHub repository. https:\/\/github.com\/tgouhier\/biwavelet."},{"key":"2969_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2013.07.025","volume":"193","author":"SC Barros","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barros, S. C. et al. Simultaneous detection of West Nile and Japanese encephalitis virus RNA by duplex TaqMan RT-PCR. J. Virol. Methods 193, 554\u2013557 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"2969_CR84","unstructured":"Copernicus Climate Data Store. https:\/\/cds.climate.copernicus.eu\/cdsapp#!\/dataset\/satellite-land-cover?tab=overview."},{"key":"2969_CR85","first-page":"582","volume":"34","author":"AR Filipe","year":"1990","unstructured":"Filipe, A. R. & de Andrade, H. R. Arboviruses in the Iberian Peninsula. Acta Virol. 34, 582\u2013591 (1990).","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"2969_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0245","volume":"10","author":"APG Almeida","year":"2010","unstructured":"Almeida, A. P. G. et al. Mosquito surveys and West Nile virus screening in two different areas of southern Portugal, 2004-2007. Vector. Borne. Zoonotic Dis. 10, 673\u2013680 (2010).","journal-title":"Vector. Borne. Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"2969_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2011.00122","volume":"2","author":"FB Freitas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Freitas, F. B., Novo, M. T., Esteves, A. & de Almeida, A. P. Species Composition and WNV Screening of Mosquitoes from Lagoons in a Wetland Area of the Algarve, Portugal. Front. Physiol. 2, 122 (2012).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"2969_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.0632","volume":"7","author":"R Parreira","year":"2007","unstructured":"Parreira, R. et al. Two distinct introductions of the West Nile virus in Portugal disclosed by phylogenetic analysis of genomic sequences. Vector. Borne. Zoonotic. Dis. 7, 344\u2013352 (2007).","journal-title":"Vector. Borne. Zoonotic. Dis."},{"key":"2969_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008284","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008284","volume":"14","author":"EA Fotakis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fotakis, E. A. et al. Identification and detection of a novel point mutation in the Chitin Synthase gene of Culex pipiens associated with diflubenzuron resistance. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 14, e0008284 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"2969_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1877-7","volume":"9","author":"V Mix\u00e3o","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mix\u00e3o, V. et al. Comparative morphological and molecular analysis confirms the presence of the West Nile virus mosquito vector, Culex univittatus, in the Iberian Peninsula. Parasit. Vectors. 9, 601 (2016).","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors."},{"key":"2969_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11184","volume":"49","author":"HC Os\u00f3rio","year":"2012","unstructured":"Os\u00f3rio, H. C., Z\u00e9-Z\u00e9, L. & Alves, M. J. Host-feeding patterns of Culex pipiens and other potential mosquito vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) of West Nile virus (Flaviviridae) collected in Portugal. J. Med. Entomol. 49, 717\u2013721 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"2969_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X-28.4s.75","volume":"28","author":"B Gomes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gomes, B. et al. The Culex pipiens complex in continental Portugal: distribution and genetic structure. J. Am. Mosq. Control. Assoc. 28, 75\u201380 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control. Assoc."},{"key":"2969_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-015-0477-z","volume":"15","author":"B Gomes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gomes, B. et al. Limited genomic divergence between intraspecific forms of Culex pipiens under different ecological pressures. BMC Evol. Biol. 15, 197 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Evol. Biol."},{"key":"2969_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.040485-0","volume":"93","author":"M Calzolari","year":"2012","unstructured":"Calzolari, M. et al. Detection of mosquito-only flaviviruses in Europe. J. Gen. Virol. 93, 1215\u20131225 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"2969_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12412","volume":"34","author":"LM Hern\u00e1ndez-Triana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Triana, L. M. et al. Genetic diversity and population structure of Culex modestus across Europe: does recent appearance in the United Kingdom reveal a tendency for geographical spread? Med. Vet. Entomol. 34, 86\u201396 (2020).","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"2969_CR96","unstructured":"Alves, J. M. et al. Flaviv\u00edrus transmitidos por mosquitos: um risco potencial para Portugal. Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em ambiente e sa\u00fade - desafios e estrat\u00e9gias (Universidade de Aveiro) (2009)."},{"key":"2969_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0146024","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146024","volume":"10","author":"A Conte","year":"2015","unstructured":"Conte, A. et al. Spatio-temporal identification of areas suitable for West Nile Disease in the Mediterranean Basin and Central Europe. PLoS. One. 10, e0146024 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS. One."},{"key":"2969_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0009022","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009022","volume":"15","author":"J-M Garc\u00eda-Carrasco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Carrasco, J.-M., Mu\u00f1oz, A.-R., Olivero, J., Segura, M. & Real, R. Predicting the spatio-temporal spread of West Nile virus in Europe. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 15, e0009022 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"2969_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105796","volume":"215","author":"G Marini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marini, G., Manica, M., Delucchia, L., Pugliesed, A. & Rosa, R. Spring temperature shapes West Nile virus transmission in Europe. Acta. Trop. 215, 105796 (2021).","journal-title":"Acta. Trop."}],"container-title":["Communications Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-021-02969-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-021-02969-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-021-02969-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T03:05:19Z","timestamp":1669345519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-021-02969-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2969"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-021-02969-3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.02.02.21251021","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2399-3642"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2399-3642","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 July 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 December 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"6"}}