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| National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    A key component of the insect immune response is melanin production, including within nodules, or aggregations of immune cells surrounding microbes. Melanization produces oxidative and toxic intermediates that limit microbial infections. However, a direct fungicidal role of melanin during infection has not been demonstrated. We previously reported that the fungus\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    is encapsulated with melanin within nodules of\n                    <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    hosts. Here we developed techniques to study melanin\u2019s role during\n                    <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in\n                    <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We provided evidence that in vivo melanin-encapsulation was fungicidal. To further study immune melanization, we applied tissue-clearing techniques to visualize melanized nodules in situ throughout the larvae. Further, we developed a time-lapse microscopy protocol to visualize the melanization kinetics in extracted hemolymph following fungal exposure. Using this technique, we found that cryptococcal melanin and laccase enhance immune melanization. We extended this approach to study the fungal pathogens\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Candida auris<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We find that the yeast morphologies of these fungi elicited robust melanization responses, while hyphal and pseudohyphal morphologies were melanin-evasive. Approximately 23% of melanin-encapsulated\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    yeast can survive and breakthrough the encapsulation. Overall, our results provide direct evidence that immune melanization functions as a direct antifungal mechanism in\n                    <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-04340-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T15:02:39Z","timestamp":1670857359000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Galleria mellonella immune melanization is fungicidal during infection"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7674-9988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel F. 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