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We have been focusing on why diabetes manifests refractoriness to any therapy. We recently found that abnormal bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs), namely, Vcam-1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>ST-HSCs, was a key mechanism for diabetic complications. We then hypothesize that those aberrant BMDCs sustainedly impair pancreatic \u03b2 cells. Here we show that eliminating abnormal BMDCs using bone marrow transplantation results in controlling serum glucose in diabetic mice, in which normoglycemia is sustained even after cessation of insulin therapy. Alternatively, abnormal BMDCs exhibiting epigenetic alterations are treated with an HDAC inhibitor, givinostat, in diabetic mice. As a result, those mice are normoglycemic along with restored insulin secretion even following the cessation of both insulin and givinostat. Diabetic cell fusion between abnormal BMDCs and resident cells is significantly blocked by the combination therapy in the pancreatic islets and thymus while surgical ablation of the thymus completely eliminates therapeutic protection in diabetic mice. In conclusion, diabetes is an epigenetic stem cell disorder with thymic disturbances. The combination may be applied to patients aiming at complete remission from diabetes in clinical medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05010-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T13:02:33Z","timestamp":1686661353000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Complete remission of diabetes with a transient HDAC inhibitor and insulin in streptozotocin mice"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4781-2052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideto","family":"Kojima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miwako","family":"Katagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junko","family":"Okano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Nakae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natsuko","family":"Ohashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazunori","family":"Fujino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itsuko","family":"Miyazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0127-1529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takahiko","family":"Nakagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"5010_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","volume":"183","author":"H Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun, H. et al. 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