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When and how it evolved in the human lineage is still unresolved. Complicating the issue, clinical definitions of flatfoot in living\n                    <jats:italic>Homo sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    have not reached a consensus. Here we digitally investigate the navicular morphology of\n                    <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    (living, archaeological, and fossil), great apes, and fossil hominins and its correlation with the MLA. A distinctive navicular shape characterises living\n                    <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    with adult acquired flexible flatfoot, while the congenital flexible flatfoot exhibits a \u2018normal\u2019 navicular shape. All\n                    <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    groups differentiate from great apes independently from variations in the MLA, likely because of bipedalism. Most australopith,\n                    <jats:italic>H. naledi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>H. floresiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    navicular shapes are closer to those of great apes, which is inconsistent with a human-like MLA and instead might suggest a certain degree of arboreality. Navicular shape of OH 8 and fossil\n                    <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    falls within the normal living\n                    <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    spectrum of variation of the MLA (including congenital flexible flatfoot and individuals with a well-developed MLA). At the same time,\n                    <jats:italic>H. neanderthalensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    seem to be characterised by a different expression of the MLA.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05431-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T08:03:37Z","timestamp":1697702617000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Morphological and evolutionary insights into the keystone element of the human foot\u2019s medial longitudinal arch"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6529-7250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Sorrentino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristian J.","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caley M.","family":"Orr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Pietrobelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7405-2573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Figus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Conconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3005-6489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Sancisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Belvedere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingjie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7110-3398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Fiorenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Jacques","family":"Hublin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tea","family":"Jashashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4567-8742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Novak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1844-1931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biren A.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3032-8309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas C.","family":"Prang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7860-8962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott A.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3209-2969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaap P. 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