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However, the degree of sexual dimorphism of the human pelvis during prenatal development remains unclear. Here, we performed high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging-assisted pelvimetry on 72 human fetuses (males [M]: females [F], 34:38; 21 sites) with crown-rump lengths (CRL) of 50\u2013225\u2009mm (the onset of primary ossification). We used multiple regression analysis to examine sexual dimorphism with CRL as a covariate. Females exhibit significantly smaller pelvic inlet anteroposterior diameters (least squares mean, [F] 8.4\u2009mm vs. [M] 8.8\u2009mm, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.036), larger subpubic angle ([F] 68.1\u00b0 vs. [M] 64.0\u00b0, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.034), and larger distance between the ischial spines relative to the transverse diameters of the greater pelvis than males. Furthermore, the sacral measurements indicate significant sex-CRL interactions. Our study suggests that sexual dimorphism of the human fetal pelvis is already apparent at the onset of primary ossification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06156-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]],"date-time":"2024-05-07T11:02:05Z","timestamp":1715079725000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sexual dimorphism of the human fetal pelvis exists at the onset of primary ossification"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9895-0500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toru","family":"Kanahashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4104-6833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Matsubayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirohiko","family":"Imai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8194-6927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shigehito","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0331-3008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroki","family":"Otani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9660-9384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Takakuwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"6156_CR1","unstructured":"Scheuer, L. & Black, S. 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