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Therefore, investigating the function of superoxide anion (O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2022\u2212<\/jats:sup>), the firstly generated reactive oxygen species, during the immune evasion become necessary. In this work, we establish a novel in situ imaging method for visualization of O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2022\u2212<\/jats:sup> changes in HSCs based on a new two-photon fluorescence probe TPH. TPH comprises recognition group for O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2022\u2212<\/jats:sup> and HSCs targeting peptides. We observe that O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2022\u2212<\/jats:sup> in HSCs gradually rose, impairing the infiltration of CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells in HCC mice. Further studies reveal that the cyclin-dependent kinase 4 is deactivated by O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2022\u2212<\/jats:sup>, and then cause the up-regulation of PD-L1. Our work provides molecular insights into HSC-mediated immune evasion of HCC, which may represent potential targets for HCC immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06245-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T08:01:45Z","timestamp":1715328105000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Fluorescence imaging sheds light on the immune evasion mechanisms of hepatic stellate cells mediated by superoxide anion"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Yuantao","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanchen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6446-3272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanghui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinru","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0194-0307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2356-0962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8712-7025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"6245_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0229-4","volume":"17","author":"AJ Craig","year":"2020","unstructured":"Craig, A. 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