{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T07:57:05Z","timestamp":1785225425323,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720742400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In autism spectrum disorder (ASD), atypical sensory experiences are often associated with irregularities in predictive coding, which proposes that the brain creates hierarchical sensory models via a bidirectional process of predictions and prediction errors. However, it remains unclear how these irregularities manifest across different functional hierarchies in the brain. To address this, we study a marmoset model of ASD induced by valproic acid (VPA) treatment. We record high-density electrocorticography (ECoG) during an auditory task with two layers of temporal control, and applied a quantitative model to quantify the integrity of predictive coding across two distinct hierarchies. Our results demonstrate a persistent pattern of sensory hypersensitivity and unstable predictions across two brain hierarchies in VPA-treated animals, and reveal the associated spatio-spectro-temporal neural signatures. Despite the regular occurrence of imprecise predictions in VPA-treated animals, we observe diverse configurations of underestimation or overestimation of sensory regularities within the hierarchies. Our results demonstrate the coexistence of the two primary Bayesian accounts of ASD: overly-precise sensory observations and weak prior beliefs, and offer a potential multi-layered biomarker for ASD, which could enhance our understanding of its diverse symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06545-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T23:28:12Z","timestamp":1720740492000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Erroneous predictive coding across brain hierarchies in a non-human primate model of autism spectrum disorder"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9402-0851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zenas C.","family":"Chao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4464-4484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Misako","family":"Komatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madoka","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuki","family":"Iijima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiko","family":"Nakagaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8323-4552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noritaka","family":"Ichinohe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"6545_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361309103794","volume":"13","author":"L Crane","year":"2009","unstructured":"Crane, L., Goddard, L. & Pring, L. Sensory processing in adults with autism spectrum disorders. Autism 13, 215\u2013228 (2009).","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"6545_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-005-0040-7","volume":"36","author":"L Mottron","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mottron, L., Dawson, M., Souli\u00e8res, I., Hubert, B. & Burack, J. Enhanced Perceptual Functioning in Autism: An Update, and Eight Principles of Autistic Perception. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 36, 27\u201343 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"6545_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-005-0039-0","volume":"36","author":"F Happ\u00e9","year":"2006","unstructured":"Happ\u00e9, F. & Frith, U. The Weak Coherence Account: Detail-focused Cognitive Style in Autism Spectrum Disorders. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 36, 5\u201325 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"6545_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579402002018","volume":"14","author":"J Brock","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brock, J., Brown, C. C., Boucher, J. & Rippon, G. The temporal binding deficit hypothesis of autism. Dev. Psychopathol. 14, 209\u2013224 (2002).","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"6545_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markram, H., Rinaldi, T. & Markram, K. The intense world syndrome - an alternative hypothesis for autism. Front. Neurosci. 1, 155 (2007).","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.01.1.1.006.2007"},{"key":"6545_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000097","volume":"143","author":"CJ Palmer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Palmer, C. J., Lawson, R. P. & Hohwy, J. Bayesian approaches to autism: Towards volatility, action, and behavior. Psychol. Bull. 143, 521\u2013542 (2017).","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"6545_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.08.009","volume":"16","author":"E Pellicano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pellicano, E. & Burr, D. When the world becomes \u2018too real\u2019: a Bayesian explanation of autistic perception. Trends Cogn. Sci. 16, 504\u2013510 (2012).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"6545_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2004.10.007","volume":"27","author":"DC Knill","year":"2004","unstructured":"Knill, D. C. & Pouget, A. The Bayesian brain: the role of uncertainty in neural coding and computation. Trends Neurosci. 27, 712\u2013719 (2004).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"6545_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2021.09.008","volume":"70","author":"H Sohn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sohn, H. & Narain, D. Neural implementations of Bayesian inference. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 70, 121\u2013129 (2021).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"6545_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.10.005","volume":"16","author":"J Brock","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brock, J. Alternative Bayesian accounts of autistic perception: comment on Pellicano and Burr. Trends Cogn. Sci. 16, 573\u2013574 (2012).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"6545_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34115","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34115","volume":"7","author":"P Karvelis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karvelis, P., Seitz, A. R., Lawrie, S. M. & Seri\u00e8s, P. Autistic traits, but not schizotypy, predict increased weighting of sensory information in Bayesian visual integration. eLife 7, e34115 (2018).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"6545_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawson, R. P., Rees, G. & Friston, K. J. An aberrant precision account of autism. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 8, 302 (2014).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00302"},{"key":"6545_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.11.003","volume":"17","author":"KJ Friston","year":"2013","unstructured":"Friston, K. J., Lawson, R. & Frith, C. D. On hyperpriors and hypopriors: comment on Pellicano and Burr. Trends Cogn. Sci. 17, 1 (2013).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"6545_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0308-9","volume":"22","author":"I Lieder","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lieder, I. et al. Perceptual bias reveals slow-updating in autism and fast-forgetting in dyslexia. Nat. Neurosci. 22, 256\u2013264 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"6545_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haker, H., Schneebeli, M. & Stephan, K. E. Can Bayesian Theories of Autism Spectrum Disorder Help Improve Clinical Practice? Front. Psychiatry 7, 107 (2016).","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00107"},{"key":"6545_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2016.08.004","volume":"112","author":"S Van de Cruys","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van de Cruys, S., Van der Hallen, R. & Wagemans, J. Disentangling signal and noise in autism spectrum disorder. Brain Cogn. 112, 78\u201383 (2017).","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"6545_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4615","volume":"20","author":"RP Lawson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lawson, R. P., Mathys, C. & Rees, G. Adults with autism overestimate the volatility of the sensory environment. Nat. Neurosci. 20, 1293\u20131299 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"6545_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28570","volume":"6","author":"T Karaminis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Karaminis, T. et al. Central tendency effects in time interval reproduction in autism. Sci. Rep. 6, 28570 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"6545_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1633","volume":"10","author":"J-P Noel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Noel, J.-P., De Niear, M. A., Stevenson, R., Alais, D. & Wallace, M. T. Atypical rapid audio-visual temporal recalibration in autism spectrum disorders. Autism Res 10, 121\u2013129 (2017).","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"6545_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2017.04.005","volume":"161","author":"A Croydon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Croydon, A., Karaminis, T., Neil, L., Burr, D. & Pellicano, E. The light-from-above prior is intact in autistic children. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 161, 113\u2013125 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"6545_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-016-0085-9","volume":"7","author":"PJ Pell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pell, P. J. et al. Intact priors for gaze direction in adults with high-functioning autism spectrum conditions. Mol. Autism 7, 25 (2016).","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"6545_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11158","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2000216117","volume":"117","author":"J-P Noel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Noel, J.-P., Lakshminarasimhan, K. J., Park, H. & Angelaki, D. E. Increased variability but intact integration during visual navigation in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 117, 11158\u201311166 (2020).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci."},{"key":"6545_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2005.1622","volume":"360","author":"K Friston","year":"2005","unstructured":"Friston, K. A theory of cortical responses. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 360, 815\u2013836 (2005).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"6545_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00198477","volume":"66","author":"D Mumford","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mumford, D. On the computational architecture of the neocortex. Biol. Cybern. 66, 241\u2013251 (1992).","journal-title":"Biol. Cybern."},{"key":"6545_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/4580","volume":"2","author":"RP Rao","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rao, R. P. & Ballard, D. H. Predictive coding in the visual cortex: a functional interpretation of some extra-classical receptive-field effects. Nat. Neurosci. 2, 79\u201387 (1999).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"6545_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1982.0085","volume":"216","author":"MV Srinivasan","year":"1982","unstructured":"Srinivasan, M. V., Laughlin, S. B. & Dubs, A. Predictive coding: a fresh view of inhibition in the retina. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 216, 427\u2013459 (1982).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"6545_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2482","volume":"14","author":"J Cannon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cannon, J., O\u2019Brien, A. M., Bungert, L. & Sinha, P. Prediction in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review of Empirical Evidence. Autism Res 14, 604\u2013630 (2021).","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"6545_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037665","volume":"121","author":"S Van de Cruys","year":"2014","unstructured":"Van de Cruys, S. et al. Precise minds in uncertain worlds: Predictive coding in autism. Psychol. Rev. 121, 649\u2013675 (2014).","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"6545_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00543.2015","volume":"114","author":"ML Gonzalez-Gadea","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Gadea, M. L. et al. Predictive coding in autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J. Neurophysiol. 114, 2625\u20132636 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"6545_CR30","first-page":"667","volume":"3","author":"J Goris","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goris, J. et al. Sensory Prediction Errors Are Less Modulated by Global Context in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging 3, 667\u2013674 (2018).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"6545_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04299-0","volume":"50","author":"FJ Ruiz-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ruiz-Mart\u00ednez, F. J. et al. Impaired P1 Habituation and Mismatch Negativity in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 50, 603\u2013616 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"6545_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.10.031","volume":"131","author":"T-C Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, T.-C., Hsieh, M. H., Lin, Y.-T., Chan, P.-Y. S. & Cheng, C.-H. Mismatch negativity to different deviant changes in autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis. Clin. Neurophysiol. 131, 766\u2013777 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"6545_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.01.008","volume":"87","author":"S Schwartz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schwartz, S., Shinn-Cunningham, B. & Tager-Flusberg, H. Meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature characterizing auditory mismatch negativity in individuals with autism. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 87, 106\u2013117 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"6545_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20754","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117807108","volume":"108","author":"C Wacongne","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wacongne, C. et al. Evidence for a hierarchy of predictions and prediction errors in human cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 20754\u201320759 (2011).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"6545_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang, Y. T., Wu, C.-T., Koike, S. & Chao, Z. C. Dissecting Mismatch Negativity: Early and Late Subcomponents for Detecting Deviants in Local and Global Sequence Regularities. eNeuro https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/ENEURO.0050-24.2024 (2024)","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0050-24.2024"},{"key":"6545_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25487-6","volume":"12","author":"S Watanabe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Watanabe, S. et al. Functional and molecular characterization of a non-human primate model of autism spectrum disorder shows similarity with the human disease. Nat. Commun. 12, 5388 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"6545_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakagami, A. et al. Reduced childhood social attention in autism model marmosets predicts impaired social skills and inflexible behavior in adulthood. Front. Psych.13, 885433 (2022).","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.885433"},{"key":"6545_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943759","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2022.943759","volume":"16","author":"M Nakamura","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nakamura, M. et al. Prenatal valproic acid-induced autism marmoset model exhibits higher salivary cortisol levels. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 16, 943759 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"6545_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.12.036","volume":"180","author":"FK Satterstrom","year":"2020","unstructured":"Satterstrom, F. K. et al. Large-Scale Exome Sequencing Study Implicates Both Developmental and Functional Changes in the Neurobiology of Autism. Cell 180, 568\u2013584.e23 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"6545_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20612","volume":"540","author":"NN Parikshak","year":"2016","unstructured":"Parikshak, N. N. et al. Genome-wide changes in lncRNA, splicing, and regional gene expression patterns in autism. Nature 540, 423\u2013427 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"6545_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809667106","volume":"106","author":"TA Bekinschtein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bekinschtein, T. A. et al. Neural signature of the conscious processing of auditory regularities. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 106, 1672\u20131677 (2009).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci."},{"key":"6545_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.10.004","volume":"100","author":"ZC Chao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chao, Z. C., Takaura, K., Wang, L., Fujii, N. & Dehaene, S. Large-Scale Cortical Networks for Hierarchical Prediction and Prediction Error in the Primate Brain. Neuron 100, 1252\u20131266 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"6545_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11194","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0114-13.2013","volume":"33","author":"S Chennu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chennu, S. et al. Expectation and attention in hierarchical auditory prediction. J. Neurosci. 33, 11194\u201311205 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"6545_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4203","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu143","volume":"25","author":"I El Karoui","year":"2014","unstructured":"El Karoui, I. et al. Event-Related Potential, Time-frequency, and Functional Connectivity Facets of Local and Global Auditory Novelty Processing: An Intracranial Study in Humans. Cereb. Cortex 25, 4203\u20134212 (2014).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"6545_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1353","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1501026112","volume":"112","author":"M Strauss","year":"2015","unstructured":"Strauss, M. et al. Disruption of hierarchical predictive coding during sleep. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 112, E1353\u2013E1362 (2015).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci."},{"key":"6545_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3165-13.2014","volume":"34","author":"L Uhrig","year":"2014","unstructured":"Uhrig, L., Dehaene, S. & Jarraya, B. A Hierarchy of Responses to Auditory Regularities in the Macaque Brain. J. Neurosci. 34, 1127\u20131132 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"6545_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komatsu, M., Kaneko, T., Okano, H. & Ichinohe, N. Chronic Implantation of Whole-cortical Electrocorticographic Array in the Common Marmoset. J. Vis. Exp. JoVE 144, e58980 (2019).","DOI":"10.3791\/58980"},{"key":"6545_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-04049-6","volume":"5","author":"ZC Chao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chao, Z. C., Huang, Y. T. & Wu, C.-T. A quantitative model reveals a frequency ordering of prediction and prediction-error signals in the human brain. Commun. Biol. 5, 1\u201318 (2022).","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"6545_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-023-02121-2","volume":"10","author":"J Hata","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hata, J. et al. Multi-modal brain magnetic resonance imaging database covering marmosets with a wide age range. Sci. Data 10, 221 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"6545_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9473(94)90132-5","volume":"18","author":"RA Harshman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Harshman, R. A. & Lundy, M. E. PARAFAC: Parallel factor analysis. Comput. Stat. Data Anal. 18, 39\u201372 (1994).","journal-title":"Comput. Stat. Data Anal."},{"key":"6545_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/cem.801","volume":"17","author":"R Bro","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bro, R. & Kiers, H. A. A new efficient method for determining the number of components in PARAFAC models. J. Chemom. 17, 274\u2013286 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Chemom."},{"key":"6545_CR52","first-page":"274","volume":"17","author":"R Bro","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bro, R. & Kiers, H. A. A new efficient method for determining the number of components in PARAFAC models. J. Chemom. J. Chemom. Soc. 17, 274\u2013286 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Chemom. J. Chemom. Soc."},{"key":"6545_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2015.08.014","volume":"48","author":"S Pouryazdian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pouryazdian, S., Beheshti, S. & Krishnan, S. CANDECOMP\/PARAFAC model order selection based on Reconstruction Error in the presence of Kronecker structured colored noise. Digit. Signal Process. 48, 12\u201326 (2016).","journal-title":"Digit. Signal Process."},{"key":"6545_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.74653","volume":"11","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang, Y. et al. Constructing the hierarchy of predictive auditory sequences in the marmoset brain. eLife 11, e74653 (2022).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"6545_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2635","volume":"15","author":"J Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu, J. et al. The autistic brain can process local but not global emotion regularities in facial and musical sequences. Autism Res 15, 222\u2013240 (2022).","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"6545_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2014.02.006","volume":"131","author":"L Bouvet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bouvet, L., Simard-Meilleur, A.-A., Paignon, A., Mottron, L. & Donnadieu, S. Auditory local bias and reduced global interference in autism. Cognition 131, 367\u2013372 (2014).","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"6545_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20141557","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.1557","volume":"282","author":"CJ Palmer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Palmer, C. J., Paton, B., Kirkovski, M., Enticott, P. G. & Hohwy, J. Context sensitivity in action decreases along the autism spectrum: a predictive processing perspective. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 282, 20141557 (2015).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"6545_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2016.12.005","volume":"160","author":"V Chambon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chambon, V. et al. Reduced sensitivity to social priors during action prediction in adults with autism spectrum disorders. Cognition 160, 17\u201326 (2017).","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"6545_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2311-7","volume":"45","author":"S Robic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Robic, S. et al. Decision-Making in a Changing World: A Study in Autism Spectrum Disorders. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 45, 1603\u20131613 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"6545_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.09.032","volume":"87","author":"M Sevgi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sevgi, M., Diaconescu, A. O., Henco, L., Tittgemeyer, M. & Schilbach, L. Social Bayes: Using Bayesian Modeling to Study Autistic Trait\u2013Related Differences in Social Cognition. Biol. Psychiatry 87, 185\u2013193 (2020).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"6545_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002911","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002911","volume":"9","author":"F Lieder","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lieder, F., Daunizeau, J., Garrido, M. I., Friston, K. J. & Stephan, K. E. Modelling Trial-by-Trial Changes in the Mismatch Negativity. PLOS Comput. Biol. 9, e1002911 (2013).","journal-title":"PLOS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"6545_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12539","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2925-08.2008","volume":"28","author":"RB Mars","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mars, R. B. et al. Trial-by-Trial Fluctuations in the Event-Related Electroencephalogram Reflect Dynamic Changes in the Degree of Surprise. J. Neurosci. 28, 12539\u201312545 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"6545_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.11476","volume":"5","author":"W Sedley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sedley, W. et al. Neural signatures of perceptual inference. eLife 5, e11476 (2016).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"6545_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7359","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0793-09.2009","volume":"29","author":"LA Anderson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Anderson, L. A., Christianson, G. B. & Linden, J. F. Stimulus-Specific Adaptation Occurs in the Auditory Thalamus. J. Neurosci. 29, 7359\u20137363 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"6545_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5483","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4153-08.2009","volume":"29","author":"MS Malmierca","year":"2009","unstructured":"Malmierca, M. S., Cristaudo, S., P\u00e9rez-Gonz\u00e1lez, D. & Covey, E. Stimulus-Specific Adaptation in the Inferior Colliculus of the Anesthetized Rat. J. Neurosci. 29, 5483\u20135493 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"6545_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23369","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023369","volume":"6","author":"N Taaseh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Taaseh, N., Yaron, A. & Nelken, I. Stimulus-Specific Adaptation and Deviance Detection in the Rat Auditory Cortex. PLOS ONE 6, e23369 (2011).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"6545_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dawson, M., Mottron, L. & Gernsbacher, M. A. Learning in Autism. in Learning and Memory: A Comprehensive Reference 759\u2013772 (Elsevier, 2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-012370509-9.00152-2.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012370509-9.00152-2"},{"key":"6545_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3992","volume":"16","author":"T Bourgeron","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bourgeron, T. From the genetic architecture to synaptic plasticity in autism spectrum disorder. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 16, 551\u2013563 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"6545_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e921680","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/921680","volume":"2011","author":"JJ LeBlanc","year":"2011","unstructured":"LeBlanc, J. J., Fagiolini, M. & Autism:, A. \u201cCritical Period\u201d Disorder? Neural Plast. 2011, e921680 (2011).","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"6545_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1954","volume":"10","author":"TEJ Behrens","year":"2007","unstructured":"Behrens, T. E. J., Woolrich, M. W., Walton, M. E. & Rushworth, M. F. S. Learning the value of information in an uncertain world. Nat. Neurosci. 10, 1214\u20131221 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"6545_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.108","volume":"42","author":"MA Addicott","year":"2017","unstructured":"Addicott, M. A., Pearson, J. M., Sweitzer, M. M., Barack, D. L. & Platt, M. L. A Primer on Foraging and the Explore\/Exploit Trade-Off for Psychiatry Research. Neuropsychopharmacology 42, 1931\u20131939 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"6545_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2011.00039","volume":"5","author":"C Mathys","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mathys, C., Daunizeau, J., Friston, K. J. & Stephan, K. E. A bayesian foundation for individual learning under uncertainty. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 5, 39 (2011).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"6545_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X12000477","volume":"36","author":"A Clark","year":"2013","unstructured":"Clark, A. Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science. Behav. Brain Sci. 36, 181\u2013204 (2013).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"6545_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680811","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.680811","volume":"12","author":"S Fr\u00e4ssle","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fr\u00e4ssle, S. et al. TAPAS: An Open-Source Software Package for Translational Neuromodeling and Computational Psychiatry. Front. Psychiatry 12, 680811 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"6545_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.09.009","volume":"80","author":"S Iglesias","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iglesias, S. et al. Hierarchical Prediction Errors in Midbrain and Basal Forebrain during Sensory Learning. Neuron 80, 519\u2013530 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"6545_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007935","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007935","volume":"16","author":"F Meyniel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meyniel, F. Brain dynamics for confidence-weighted learning. PLOS Comput. Biol. 16, e1007935 (2020).","journal-title":"PLOS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"6545_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan3458","volume":"357","author":"AR Powers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Powers, A. R., Mathys, C. & Corlett, P. R. Pavlovian conditioning\u2013induced hallucinations result from overweighting of perceptual priors. Science 357, 596\u2013600 (2017).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"6545_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11532","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1382-15.2015","volume":"35","author":"S Vossel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vossel, S., Mathys, C., Stephan, K. E. & Friston, K. J. Cortical Coupling Reflects Bayesian Belief Updating in the Deployment of Spatial Attention. J. Neurosci. 35, 11532\u201311542 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"6545_CR79","first-page":"1176","volume":"8","author":"DJ Hauke","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hauke, D. J. et al. Aberrant Hierarchical Prediction Errors Are Associated With Transition to Psychosis: A Computational Single-Trial Analysis of the Mismatch Negativity. Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging 8, 1176\u20131185 (2023).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"6545_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002575","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002575","volume":"14","author":"L Marshall","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marshall, L. et al. Pharmacological Fingerprints of Contextual Uncertainty. PLOS Biol. 14, e1002575 (2016).","journal-title":"PLOS Biol."},{"key":"6545_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00202-7","volume":"19","author":"KJ Friston","year":"2003","unstructured":"Friston, K. J., Harrison, L. & Penny, W. Dynamic causal modelling. Neuroimage 19, 1273\u20131302 (2003).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"6545_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.05.018","volume":"42","author":"MI Garrido","year":"2008","unstructured":"Garrido, M. I. et al. The functional anatomy of the MMN: A DCM study of the roving paradigm. NeuroImage 42, 936\u2013944 (2008).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"6545_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90291.2008","volume":"101","author":"MI Garrido","year":"2009","unstructured":"Garrido, M. I., Kilner, J. M., Kiebel, S. J. & Friston, K. J. Dynamic Causal Modeling of the Response to Frequency Deviants. J. Neurophysiol. 101, 2620\u20132631 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"6545_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Watakabe, A. et al. Local and long-distance organization of prefrontal cortex circuits in the marmoset brain. Neuron https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.04.028 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.04.028"},{"key":"6545_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-030520-101844","volume":"44","author":"H Okano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Okano, H. Current Status of and Perspectives on the Application of Marmosets in Neurobiology. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 44, 27\u201348 (2021).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"6545_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.06.006","volume":"292","author":"M Yasue","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yasue, M. et al. Indifference of marmosets with prenatal valproate exposure to third-party non-reciprocal interactions with otherwise avoided non-reciprocal individuals. Behav. Brain Res. 292, 323\u2013326 (2015).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"6545_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.01.013","volume":"343","author":"M Yasue","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yasue, M., Nakagami, A., Nakagaki, K., Ichinohe, N. & Kawai, N. Inequity aversion is observed in common marmosets but not in marmoset models of autism induced by prenatal exposure to valproic acid. Behav. Brain Res. 343, 36\u201340 (2018).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"6545_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.3043","volume":"16","author":"Z Gu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gu, Z., Dawson, G. & Engelhard, M. Sex differences in the age of childhood autism diagnosis and the impact of co-occurring conditions. Autism Res 16, 2391\u20132402 (2023).","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"6545_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.12.004","volume":"39","author":"ANV Ruigrok","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ruigrok, A. N. V. et al. A meta-analysis of sex differences in human brain structure. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 39, 34\u201350 (2014).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"6545_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6702","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723000181","volume":"53","author":"Q Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, Q., Zhao, W., Palaniyappan, L. & Guo, S. Atypical hemispheric lateralization of brain function and structure in autism: a comprehensive meta-analysis study. Psychol. Med. 53, 6702\u20136713 (2023).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"6545_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11516","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-37-11516.2003","volume":"23","author":"JT Devlin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Devlin, J. T. et al. Functional Asymmetry for Auditory Processing in Human Primary Auditory Cortex. J. Neurosci. 23, 11516\u201311522 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"6545_CR92","unstructured":"Weber, L. A. et al. The generalized Hierarchical Gaussian Filter."},{"key":"6545_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1006\/cbmr.1996.0014","volume":"29","author":"RW Cox","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cox, R. W. AFNI: Software for Analysis and Visualization of Functional Magnetic Resonance Neuroimages. Comput. Biomed. Res. 29, 162\u2013173 (1996).","journal-title":"Comput. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"6545_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.09.025","volume":"54","author":"BB Avants","year":"2011","unstructured":"Avants, B. B. et al. A reproducible evaluation of ANTs similarity metric performance in brain image registration. NeuroImage 54, 2033\u20132044 (2011).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"6545_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","volume":"134","author":"A Delorme","year":"2004","unstructured":"Delorme, A. & Makeig, S. EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. J. Neurosci. Methods 134, 9\u201321 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"6545_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oostenveld, R., Fries, P., Maris, E. & Schoffelen, J. M. FieldTrip: open source software for advanced analysis of MEG, EEG, and invasive electrophysiological data. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2011, (2011).","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/156869"},{"key":"6545_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024","volume":"164","author":"E Maris","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maris, E. & Oostenveld, R. Nonparametric statistical testing of EEG-and MEG-data. J. Neurosci. Methods 164, 177\u2013190 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"6545_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.06121","volume":"4","author":"ZC Chao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chao, Z. C., Nagasaka, Y. & Fujii, N. Cortical network architecture for context processing in primate brain. eLife 4, e06121 (2015).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"6545_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7439(00)00071-X","volume":"52","author":"CA Andersson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Andersson, C. A. & Bro, R. The N-way Toolbox for MATLAB. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 52, 1\u20134 (2000).","journal-title":"Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst."},{"key":"6545_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cichocki, A., Zdunek, R., Phan, A. H. & Amari, S. Nonnegative Matrix and Tensor Factorizations: Applications to Exploratory Multi-Way Data Analysis and Blind Source Separation. (John Wiley & Sons, 2009).","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470747278"},{"key":"6545_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chao, Z. C., Huang, Y. T., & Wu, C. MATLAB code for: A quantitative model reveals a frequency ordering of prediction and prediction-error signals in the human brain. Zenodo: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.7084568 (2022).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.7084568"}],"container-title":["Communications Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-024-06545-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-024-06545-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-024-06545-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T23:33:19Z","timestamp":1720740799000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-024-06545-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6545"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-024-06545-3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2023.11.19.567773","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2399-3642"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2399-3642","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"851"}}