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Whether those early infections were isolated zoonoses or initiators of a pandemic remains unclear. We report\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections in two individuals (of 133) from the LN necropolis at Warburg (Germany, 5300\u20134900\u2009cal BP). Our analyses show that the two genomes belong to distinct strains and reflect independent infection events. All LN genomes known today (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20094) are basal in the phylogeny and represent separate lineages that probably originated in different animal hosts. In the LN, an opening of the landscape resulted in the introduction of new rodent species, which may have acted as\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    reservoirs. Coincidentally, the number of dogs increased, possibly leading to\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections in canines. Indeed, we detect\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in an LN dog. Collectively, our data suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    frequently entered human settlements at the time without causing significant outbreaks.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06676-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,18]],"date-time":"2024-08-18T08:01:52Z","timestamp":1723968112000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Neolithic Yersinia pestis infections in humans and a dog"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Julian","family":"Susat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3677-1504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Haller-Caskie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0761-9597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna H.","family":"Bonczarowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1537-3286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas A.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6136-6087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerstin","family":"Schierhold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael M.","family":"Rind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8974-449X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich","family":"Schm\u00f6lcke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wiebke","family":"Kirleis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Sondermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Rinne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3538-197X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Almut","family":"Nebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9435-2872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Krause-Kyora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"6676_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00044","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00044-19","volume":"34","author":"R Barbieri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barbieri, R. et al. 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