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To translate to practical use, iBCIs should provide reliable performance for extended periods of time. However, performance begins to degrade as the relationship between kinematic intention and recorded neural activity shifts compared to when the decoder was initially trained. In addition to developing decoders to better handle long-term instability, identifying when to recalibrate will also optimize performance. We propose a method, \u201cMINDFUL\u201d, to measure instabilities in neural data for useful long-term iBCI,\u00a0without needing labels of user intentions. Longitudinal data were analyzed from two BrainGate2 participants with tetraplegia as they used fixed decoders to control a computer cursor spanning 142 days and 28 days, respectively. We demonstrate a measure of instability that correlates with changes in closed-loop cursor performance solely based on the recorded neural activity (Pearson\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.93 and 0.72, respectively). This result suggests a strategy to infer online iBCI performance from neural data alone and to determine when recalibration should take place for practical long-term use.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06784-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T13:02:30Z","timestamp":1729515750000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Measuring instability in chronic human intracortical neural recordings towards stable, long-term brain-computer interfaces"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7257-7867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsam Kiu","family":"Pun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Khoshnevis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommy","family":"Hosman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy H.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Kapitonava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Foram","family":"Kamdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3276-2267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaimie M.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Simeral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3526-3754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos E.","family":"Vargas-Irwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew T.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0261-2273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leigh R.","family":"Hochberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"6784_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/416141a","volume":"416","author":"MD Serruya","year":"2002","unstructured":"Serruya, M. 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The MGH Translational Research Center has a clinical research support agreement (CRSA) with Axoft, Neuralink, Neurobionics, Precision Neuro, Synchron, and Reach Neuro, for which L.R.H. provides consultative input. L.R.H. is a co-investigator on an NIH SBIR grant with Paradromics, and is a non-compensated member of the Board of Directors of a nonprofit assistive communication device technology foundation (Speak Your Mind Foundation). Mass General Brigham (MGB) is convening the Implantable Brain-Computer Interface Collaborative Community (iBCI-CC); charitable gift agreements to MGB, including those received to date from Paradromics, Synchron, Precision Neuro, Neuralink, and Blackrock Neurotech, support the iBCI-CC, for which LRH provides effort. G.H.W. is a consultant for Artis Ventures. J.M.H. is a consultant for Neuralink and Paradromics and is a shareholder in Maplight Therapeutics and Enspire DBS. He is also an inventor of intellectual property licensed by Stanford University to Blackrock Neurotech and Neuralink.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1363"}}