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Nevertheless, the acquisition and evolution of the toxin biosynthesis (<jats:italic>dab<\/jats:italic>) genes by this extensive group of <jats:italic>Pseudo-nitzschia<\/jats:italic> species remains unclear. Through constructing chromosome-level genomes of three <jats:italic>Pseudo-nitzschia<\/jats:italic> species and draft genomes of ten additional <jats:italic>Pseudo-nitzschia<\/jats:italic> species, putative genomic integration sites for the <jats:italic>dab<\/jats:italic> genes in <jats:italic>Pseudo-nitzschia<\/jats:italic> species were explored. A putative breakpoint was observed in syntenic regions in the <jats:italic>dab<\/jats:italic> gene cluster-lacking <jats:italic>Pseudo-nitzschia<\/jats:italic> species, suggesting potential independent losses of <jats:italic>dab<\/jats:italic> genes. The breakpoints between this pair of conserved genes were also identified in some <jats:italic>dab<\/jats:italic> genes-possessing <jats:italic>Pseudo-nitzschia<\/jats:italic> species, suggesting that the <jats:italic>dab<\/jats:italic> gene clusters transposed to other loci after the initial integration. A \u201csingle acquisition, multiple independent losses (SAMIL)\u201d model is proposed to explain the acquisition and evolution of the <jats:italic>dab<\/jats:italic> gene cluster in <jats:italic>Pseudo-nitzschia<\/jats:italic> species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-07068-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T14:03:29Z","timestamp":1729692209000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Acquisition and evolution of the neurotoxin domoic acid biosynthesis gene cluster in Pseudo-nitzschia species"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ziyan","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuya","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiyin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chui Pin","family":"Leaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0615-7215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nansheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"7068_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1139\/f89-156","volume":"46","author":"S Bates","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bates, S. et al. 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