{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T15:56:56Z","timestamp":1789660616904,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738972800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Biol"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-07629-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T13:31:11Z","timestamp":1739021471000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Single cell transcriptome profiling reveals pathogenesis of bullous pemphigoid"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Guirong","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenjing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1045-9064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suying","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8101-5455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yetao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"7629_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01506","volume":"10","author":"G Genovese","year":"2019","unstructured":"Genovese, G. et al. New Insights Into the Pathogenesis of Bullous Pemphigoid: 2019 Update. Front. Immunol. 10, 1506 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"7629_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.11.005","volume":"140","author":"C. M Hammers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hammers, C. M. & Stanley, J. R. Recent advances in understanding pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid. J. Invest. Dermatol. 140, 733\u2013741 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"7629_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.03.010","volume":"16","author":"I. S Ba\u011fc\u0131","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ba\u011fc\u0131, I. S., Horv\u00e1th, O. N., Ruzicka, T. & S\u00e1rdy, M. Bullous pemphigoid. Autoimmun. Rev. 16, 445\u2013455 (2017).","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"7629_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15405","volume":"176","author":"L Kibsgaard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kibsgaard, L. et al. Increased frequency of multiple sclerosis among patients with bullous pemphigoid: a population-based cohort study on comorbidities anchored around the diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid. Br. J. Dermatol. 176, 1486\u20131491 (2017).","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"7629_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2018.3243","volume":"28","author":"A Pankakoski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pankakoski, A., Sintonen, H., Ranki, A. & Kluger, N. Comorbidities of bullous pemphigoid in a Finnish cohort. Eur. J. Dermatol. 28, 157\u2013161 (2018).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"7629_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155181","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1155181","volume":"14","author":"Y Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, Y. et al. Associations between bullous pemphigoid and hematological diseases: literature review on mechanistic connections and possible treatments. Front. Immunol. 14, 1155181 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"7629_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2010.322","volume":"146","author":"K Taghipour","year":"2010","unstructured":"Taghipour, K. et al. The association of bullous pemphigoid with cerebrovascular disease and dementia: a case-control study. Arch. Dermatol. 146, 1251\u20131254 (2010).","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"7629_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15444","volume":"33","author":"E Papakonstantinou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Papakonstantinou, E. et al. Neurological disorders are associated with bullous pemphigoid. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 33, 925\u2013929 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"7629_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, F.-X., Liang, J.-Q., Abudoureyimu, D., Wu, C.-Y. & Kang, X.-J. Bullous Pemphigoid With Nail Damage Associated With Kaposi Sarcoma: A Case Report. Int. J. Dermatol. Venereol. 6, 233\u2013235 (2023).","DOI":"10.1097\/JD9.0000000000000069"},{"key":"7629_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.04.006","volume":"142","author":"S Haeberle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haeberle, S. et al. Regulatory T-cell deficiency leads to pathogenic bullous pemphigoid antigen 230 autoantibody and autoimmune bullous disease. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 142, 1831\u20131842.e7 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"7629_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13376","volume":"73","author":"E de Graauw","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Graauw, E. et al. Monocytes enhance neutrophil-induced blister formation in an ex vivo model of bullous pemphigoid. Allergy 73, 1119\u20131130 (2018).","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"7629_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2022.4269","volume":"32","author":"R Kimura","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kimura, R., Sugita, K., Horie, T. & Yamamoto, O. Dual role of basophils in the pathogenesis of bullous pemphigoid elucidated by pathological and ultrastructural studies. Eur. J. Dermatol. 32, 322\u2013333 (2022).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"7629_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13071019","volume":"13","author":"M. M Limberg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Limberg, M. M. et al. Eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils in bullous pemphigoid. Biomolecules 13, 1019 (2023).","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"7629_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3109\/08916934.2011.606446","volume":"45","author":"L. R Zakka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zakka, L. R. et al. The role of natural killer cells in autoimmune blistering diseases. Autoimmunity 45, 44\u201354 (2012).","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"7629_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20604-3","volume":"12","author":"S Hiroyasu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hiroyasu, S. et al. Granzyme B inhibition reduces disease severity in autoimmune blistering diseases. Nat. Commun. 12, 302 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"7629_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28070-0","volume":"8","author":"V Russo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Russo, V. et al. Granzyme B is elevated in autoimmune blistering diseases and cleaves key anchoring proteins of the dermal-epidermal junction. Sci. Rep. 8, 9690 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"7629_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaay1005","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aay1005","volume":"12","author":"M. R Mack","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mack, M. R. et al. Blood natural killer cell deficiency reveals an immunotherapy strategy for atopic dermatitis. Sci. Transl. Med. 12, eaay1005 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"7629_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.091","volume":"30","author":"D Haensel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haensel, D. et al. Defining epidermal basal cell states during skin homeostasis and wound healing using single-cell transcriptomics. Cell Rep. 30, 3932\u20133947.e6 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"7629_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2020.04.004","volume":"26","author":"D Cibrian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cibrian, D., de la Fuente, H. & S\u00e1nchez-Madrid, F. Metabolic pathways that control skin homeostasis and inflammation. Trends Mol. Med. 26, 975\u2013986 (2020).","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"7629_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12271","volume":"169","author":"C Buerger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buerger, C., Malisiewicz, B., Eiser, A., Hardt, K. & Boehncke, W. H. Mammalian target of rapamycin and its downstream signalling components are activated in psoriatic skin. Br. J. Dermatol. 169, 156\u2013159 (2013).","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"7629_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950973","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.950973","volume":"10","author":"J Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, J., Cui, B., Chen, Z. & Ding, X. The regulation of skin homeostasis, repair and the pathogenesis of skin diseases by spatiotemporal activation of epidermal mTOR signaling. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 10, 950973 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"7629_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.01.014","volume":"141","author":"P Schilf","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schilf, P. et al. Inhibition of glucose metabolism abrogates the effector phase of bullous pemphigoid-like epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. J. Invest. Dermatol. 141, 1646\u20131655.e3 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"7629_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00030.2015","volume":"96","author":"J Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen, J. et al. Expression and function of the epidermal growth factor receptor in physiology and disease. Physiol. Rev. 96, 1025\u20131069 (2016).","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"7629_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2023114153","volume":"42","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Transcriptional and chromatin profiling of human blood innate lymphoid cell subsets sheds light on HIV-1 pathogenesis. EMBO J. 42, e114153 (2023).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"7629_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.01.020","volume":"42","author":"D. M. W Zaiss","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zaiss, D. M. W., Gause, W. C., Osborne, L. C. & Artis, D. Emerging functions of amphiregulin in orchestrating immunity, inflammation, and tissue repair. Immunity 42, 216\u2013226 (2015).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"7629_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670471","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.670471","volume":"12","author":"J. R Cox","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cox, J. R., Cruickshank, S. M. & Saunders, A. E. Maintenance of barrier tissue integrity by unconventional lymphocytes. Front. Immunol. 12, 670471 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"7629_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10738","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1802320115","volume":"115","author":"S Krishnan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krishnan, S. et al. Amphiregulin-producing \u03b3\u03b4 T cells are vital for safeguarding oral barrier immune homeostasis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 10738\u201310743 (2018).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"7629_CR28","first-page":"3801","volume":"12","author":"M Sisto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sisto, M. & Lisi, S. Immune and non-immune inflammatory cells involved in autoimmune fibrosis: new discoveries. J. Clin. Med. Res. 12, 3801 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med. Res."},{"key":"7629_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286344","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1286344","volume":"14","author":"M Kamata","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kamata, M. & Tada, Y. Crosstalk: keratinocytes and immune cells in psoriasis. Front. Immunol. 14, 1286344 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"7629_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04221-8","volume":"601","author":"Z Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu, Z. et al. Anatomically distinct fibroblast subsets determine skin autoimmune patterns. Nature 601, 118\u2013124 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"7629_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2120336119","volume":"119","author":"T. B Layton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Layton, T. B. et al. A vasculature niche orchestrates stromal cell phenotype through PDGF signaling: Importance in human fibrotic disease. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 119, e2120336119 (2022).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"7629_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8790","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228790","volume":"21","author":"M Piipponen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Piipponen, M., Li, D. & Land\u00e9n, N. X. The immune functions of keratinocytes in skin wound healing. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 8790 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"7629_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.01.010","volume":"184","author":"S Cheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheng, S. et al. A pan-cancer single-cell transcriptional atlas of tumor infiltrating myeloid cells. Cell 184, 792\u2013809.e23 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"7629_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.10.003","volume":"179","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, Q. et al. Landscape and dynamics of single immune cells in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell 179, 829\u2013845.e20 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"7629_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-20-1885","volume":"81","author":"L La Fleur","year":"2021","unstructured":"La Fleur, L. et al. Targeting MARCO and IL37R on Immunosuppressive macrophages in lung cancer blocks regulatory T cells and supports cytotoxic lymphocyte function. Cancer Res. 81, 956\u2013967 (2021).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"7629_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6360","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202942","volume":"190","author":"J Jing","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jing, J. et al. Role of macrophage receptor with collagenous structure in innate immune tolerance. J. Immunol. 190, 6360\u20136367 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"7629_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11101506","volume":"11","author":"N Cirillo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cirillo, N. & Prime, S. S. A scoping review of the role of metalloproteinases in the pathogenesis of autoimmune pemphigus and pemphigoid. Biomolecules 11, 1506 (2021).","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"7629_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679121","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2021.679121","volume":"2","author":"M Srivastava","year":"2021","unstructured":"Srivastava, M. & Kaplan, M. H. Transcription factors in the development and pro-allergic function of mast cells. Front. Allergy 2, 679121 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Allergy"},{"key":"7629_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00475","volume":"8","author":"B Griesenauer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Griesenauer, B. & Paczesny, S. The ST2\/IL-33 axis in Immune Cells during Inflammatory Diseases. Front. Immunol. 8, 475 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"7629_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.06.038","volume":"142","author":"I. U Egbuniwe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Egbuniwe, I. U. et al. B Lymphocytes accumulate and proliferate in human skin at sites of cutaneous antigen challenge. J. Invest. Dermatol. 142, 726\u2013731.e4 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"7629_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224421","volume":"82","author":"M Ota","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ota, M. et al. Multimodal repertoire analysis unveils B cell biology in immune-mediated diseases. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 82, 1455\u20131463 (2023).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"7629_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02458","volume":"10","author":"I Sanz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sanz, I. et al. Challenges and opportunities for consistent classification of human B cell and plasma cell populations. Front. Immunol. 10, 2458 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"7629_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2016.01.008","volume":"164","author":"S. L McArdel","year":"2016","unstructured":"McArdel, S. L., Terhorst, C. & Sharpe, A. H. Roles of CD48 in regulating immunity and tolerance. Clin. Immunol. 164, 10\u201320 (2016).","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"7629_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626820","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.626820","volume":"11","author":"K Bhamidipati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhamidipati, K. et al. CD52 Is Elevated on B cells of SLE patients and regulates B cell function. Front. Immunol. 11, 626820 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"7629_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-019-0352-x","volume":"51","author":"E Jang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jang, E. et al. Bach2 deficiency leads autoreactive B cells to produce IgG autoantibodies and induce lupus through a T cell-dependent extrafollicular pathway. Exp. Mol. Med. 51, 1\u201313 (2019).","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"7629_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2970","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02970","volume":"10","author":"S Mcheik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mcheik, S. et al. Coexpression of CCR7 and CXCR4 during B cell development controls CXCR4 responsiveness and bone marrow homing. Front. Immunol. 10, 2970 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"7629_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00909-1","volume":"22","author":"G. M Wiedemann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wiedemann, G. M. et al. Deconvoluting global cytokine signaling networks in natural killer cells. Nat. Immunol. 22, 627\u2013638 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"7629_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.07.060","volume":"83","author":"T Hashimoto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hashimoto, T. et al. Pathophysiologic mechanisms of itch in bullous pemphigoid. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 83, 53\u201362 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"7629_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68145","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068145","volume":"8","author":"Q Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li, Q. et al. Follicular helper T Cells (Tfh) and IL-21 involvement in the pathogenesis of bullous pemphigoid. PLoS ONE 8, e68145 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7629_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.09.014","volume":"140","author":"T Hirai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hirai, T., Whitley, S. K. & Kaplan, D. H. Migration and Function of Memory CD8+ T Cells in Skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 140, 748\u2013755 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"7629_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-019-00742-7","volume":"41","author":"R Sabat","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sabat, R., Wolk, K., Loyal, L., D\u00f6cke, W.-D. & Ghoreschi, K. T cell pathology in skin inflammation. Semin. Immunopathol. 41, 359\u2013377 (2019).","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"7629_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2024.02.029","volume":"144","author":"Y Ruan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ruan, Y. et al. Single-cell profiling unveils the inflammatory heterogeneity within cutaneous lesions of bullous pemphigoid. J. Invest. Dermatol. 144, 2176\u20132186.e6 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"7629_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.11.018","volume":"57","author":"T Torcellan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Torcellan, T. et al. Circulating NK cells establish tissue residency upon acute infection of skin and mediate accelerated effector responses to secondary infection. Immunity 57, 124\u2013140.e7 (2024).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"7629_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.07.034","volume":"0","author":"F Tang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tang, F. et al. A pan-cancer single-cell panorama of human natural killer cells. Cell 0, 4235\u20134251.e20 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"7629_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0593-9","volume":"21","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. HIV-1-induced cytokines deplete homeostatic innate lymphoid cells and expand TCF7-dependent memory NK cells. Nat. Immunol. 21, 274\u2013286 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"7629_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.06.032","volume":"66","author":"D. F Murrell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murrell, D. F. et al. Definitions and outcome measures for bullous pemphigoid: recommendations by an international panel of experts. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 66, 479\u2013485 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"7629_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2023.02.039","volume":"143","author":"M Manchanda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Manchanda, M. et al. Metabolic reprogramming and reliance in human skin wound healing. J. Invest. Dermatol. 143, 2039\u20132051.e10 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"7629_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.114004","volume":"157","author":"G Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, G. et al. The initiation of oxidative stress and therapeutic strategies in wound healing. Biomed. Pharmacother. 157, 114004 (2023).","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"7629_CR59","first-page":"3","volume":"44","author":"R.-Z Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao, R.-Z., Jiang, S., Zhang, L. & Yu, Z.-B. Mitochondrial electron transport chain, ROS generation and uncoupling (Review). Int. J. Mol. Med. 44, 3\u201315 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"7629_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707479","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.707479","volume":"9","author":"W Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, W. et al. Antioxidant therapy and antioxidant-related bionanomaterials in diabetic wound healing. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 9, 707479 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"7629_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.2022-0827","volume":"50","author":"A. C Londe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Londe, A. C., Fernandez-Ruiz, R., Julio, P. R., Appenzeller, S. & Niewold, T. B. Type I interferons in autoimmunity: implications in clinical phenotypes and treatment response. J. Rheumatol. 50, 1103\u20131113 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"7629_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70","DOI":"10.1126\/stke.4162007pe70","volume":"2007","author":"E. N Benveniste","year":"2007","unstructured":"Benveniste, E. N. & Qin, H. Type I interferons as anti-inflammatory mediators. Sci. STKE 2007, e70 (2007).","journal-title":"Sci. STKE"},{"key":"7629_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.09.059","volume":"49","author":"X Feng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feng, X. et al. Interferon-\u03b2 corrects massive gene dysregulation in multiple sclerosis: short-term and long-term effects on immune regulation and neuroprotection. EBioMedicine 49, 269\u2013283 (2019).","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"7629_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00200","volume":"10","author":"D Tie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tie, D. et al. Bullous pemphigoid IgG induces cell dysfunction and enhances the motility of epidermal keratinocytes via Rac1\/proteasome activation. Front. Immunol. 10, 200 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"7629_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2013.0473","volume":"3","author":"I Pastar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pastar, I. et al. Epithelialization in wound healing: a comprehensive review. Adv. Wound Care (New Rochelle) 3, 445\u2013464 (2014).","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care (New Rochelle)"},{"key":"7629_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.02.020","volume":"129","author":"A Rebane","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rebane, A. et al. Mechanisms of IFN-\u03b3-induced apoptosis of human skin keratinocytes in patients with atopic dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 129, 1297\u20131306 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"7629_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-14-7","volume":"14","author":"S H\u00e4nzelmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"H\u00e4nzelmann, S., Castelo, R. & Guinney, J. GSVA: gene set variation analysis for microarray and RNA-seq data. BMC Bioinform. 14, 7 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"key":"7629_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.05.031","volume":"177","author":"T Stuart","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stuart, T. et al. Comprehensive Integration of Single-Cell Data. Cell 177, 1888\u20131902.e21 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["Communications Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-025-07629-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-025-07629-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-025-07629-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T14:25:19Z","timestamp":1739024719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-025-07629-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7629"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-025-07629-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2399-3642"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2399-3642","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"203"}}