{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T04:42:25Z","timestamp":1790397745416,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Goal-directed behavior requires resolving both consciously and subconsciously induced response conflicts. Neuronal gain control, which enhances processing efficacy, is crucial for conflict resolution and can be increased through pharmacological or brain stimulation interventions, though it faces inherent physical limits. This study examined the effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (atDCS) and methylphenidate (MPH) on conflict processing. Healthy adults (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009105) performed a flanker task, with electroencephalography (EEG) used to assess alpha and theta band activity (ABA, TBA). Results showed that combining atDCS with MPH enhanced cognitive control and reduced response conflicts more effectively than atDCS alone, particularly when both conflict types co-occurred. Both atDCS and atDCS + MPH exhibited similar task-induced ABA and TBA modulations in the (pre)supplementary motor area, indicating heightened gain control. Overlapping neuroanatomical effects in mid-superior frontal areas suggest that atDCS and MPH share a common neuronal mechanism of gain control, especially in high-conflict\/-demand situations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-07805-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T10:32:51Z","timestamp":1741257171000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Neurophysiological insights into catecholamine-dependent tDCS modulation of cognitive control"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5896-3550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Helin","family":"Koyun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7155-1067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Wendiggensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veit","family":"Roessner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2989-9561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Beste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7113-4020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann-Kathrin","family":"Stock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"7805_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2392679","volume":"249","author":"D Servan-Schreiber","year":"1990","unstructured":"Servan-Schreiber, D., Printz, H. & Cohen, J. D. A network model of catecholamine effects: gain, signal-to-noise ratio, and behavior. Science 249, 892\u2013895 (1990).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"7805_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9303","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4452-15.2016","volume":"36","author":"N Yousif","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yousif, N. et al. Dopamine activation preserves visual motion perception despite noise interference of human V5\/MT. J. Neurosci. 36, 9303\u20139312 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"7805_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01769-1","volume":"5","author":"SC Li","year":"2001","unstructured":"Li, S. C., Lindenberger, U. & Sikstr\u00f6m, S. Aging cognition: from neuromodulation to representation. Trends Cogn. Sci. 5, 479\u2013486 (2001).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"7805_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-019-01839-3","volume":"224","author":"N Adelh\u00f6fer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adelh\u00f6fer, N., M\u00fcckschel, M., Teufert, B., Ziemssen, T. & Beste, C. Anodal tDCS affects neuromodulatory effects of the norepinephrine system on superior frontal theta activity during response inhibition. Brain Struct. Funct. 224, 1291\u20131300 (2019).","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"7805_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5050","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24344","volume":"39","author":"N Adelh\u00f6fer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adelh\u00f6fer, N. et al. The system-neurophysiological basis for how methylphenidate modulates perceptual\u2013attentional conflicts during auditory processing. Hum. Brain Mapp. 39, 5050\u20135061 (2018).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"7805_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyy063","volume":"21","author":"W Bensmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bensmann, W., Roessner, V., Stock, A. K. & Beste, C. Catecholaminergic modulation of conflict control depends on the source of conflicts. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 21, 901\u2013909 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"7805_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.12.006","volume":"6","author":"B Molaee-Ardekani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Molaee-Ardekani, B. et al. Effects of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on cortical activity: a computational modeling study. Brain Stimul. 6, 25\u201339 (2013).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"7805_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3561","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu200","volume":"25","author":"E Hay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hay, E. & Segev, I. Dendritic excitability and gain control in recurrent cortical microcircuits. Cereb. Cortex 25, 3561\u20133571 (2015).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"7805_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.07.009","volume":"29","author":"SC Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li, S. C. & Rieckmann, A. Neuromodulation and aging: implications of aging neuronal gain control on cognition. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 29, 148\u2013158 (2014).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"7805_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-014-1501-9","volume":"31","author":"MF Kuo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kuo, M. F. & Nitsche, M. A. Exploring prefrontal cortex functions in healthy humans by transcranial electrical stimulation. Neurosci. Bull. 31, 198\u2013206 (2015).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"7805_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","volume":"527","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. A. & Paulus, W. Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. J. Physiol. 527, 633\u2013639 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"7805_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.08.014","volume":"10","author":"B Lafon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lafon, B., Rahman, A., Bikson, M. & Parra, L. C. Direct current stimulation alters neuronal input\/output function. Brain Stimul. 10, 36\u201345 (2017).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"7805_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.631838","volume":"15","author":"Y Yamada","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yamada, Y. & Sumiyoshi, T. Neurobiological mechanisms of transcranial direct current stimulation for psychiatric disorders; neurophysiological, chemical, and anatomical considerations. Front Hum. Neurosci. 15, 631838 (2021).","journal-title":"Front Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"7805_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2005.02.015","volume":"24","author":"N Kemmotsu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kemmotsu, N., Villalobos, M. E., Gaffrey, M. S., Courchesne, E. & M\u00fcller, R. A. Activity and functional connectivity of inferior frontal cortex associated with response conflict. Cogn. Brain Res. 24, 335\u2013342 (2005).","journal-title":"Cogn. Brain Res."},{"key":"7805_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.09.018","volume":"85","author":"YS Sheu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sheu, Y. S. & Courtney, S. M. A neural mechanism of cognitive control for resolving conflict between abstract task rules. Cortex 85, 13\u201324 (2016).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"7805_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.12.109","volume":"50","author":"A Hampshire","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hampshire, A., Chamberlain, S. R., Monti, M. M., Duncan, J. & Owen, A. M. The role of the right inferior frontal gyrus: inhibition and attentional control. NeuroImage 50, 1313\u20131319 (2010).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"7805_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.7.4.356","volume":"7","author":"MM Botvinick","year":"2007","unstructured":"Botvinick, M. M. Conflict monitoring and decision making: Reconciling two perspectives on anterior cingulate function. Cogn., Affect., Behav. Neurosci. 7, 356\u2013366 (2007).","journal-title":"Cogn., Affect., Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"7805_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2009.02.002","volume":"32","author":"R Willemssen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Willemssen, R., Falkenstein, M., Schwarz, M., M\u00fcller, T. & Beste, C. Effects of aging, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and dopaminergic medication on response selection and control. Neurobiol. Aging 32, 327\u2013335 (2011).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"7805_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.023","volume":"48","author":"C Beste","year":"2010","unstructured":"Beste, C., Willemssen, R., Saft, C. & Falkenstein, M. Response inhibition subprocesses and dopaminergic pathways: Basal ganglia disease effects. Neuropsychologia 48, 366\u2013373 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"7805_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-0724-x","volume":"45","author":"O Dipasquale","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dipasquale, O. et al. Unravelling the effects of methylphenidate on the dopaminergic and noradrenergic functional circuits. Neuropsychopharmacol 45, 1482\u20131489 (2020).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"7805_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.02.001","volume":"87","author":"SV Faraone","year":"2018","unstructured":"Faraone, S. V. The pharmacology of amphetamine and methylphenidate: Relevance to the neurobiology of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and other psychiatric comorbidities. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 87, 255\u2013270 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"7805_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1997.68052032.x","volume":"68","author":"R Kuczenski","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kuczenski, R. & Segal, D. S. Effects of Methylphenidate on Extracellular Dopamine, Serotonin, and Norepinephrine: Comparison with Amphetamine. J. Neurochem. 68, 2032\u20132037 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"7805_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyy019","volume":"21","author":"C Beste","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beste, C. et al. Dopamine modulates the efficiency of sensory evidence accumulation during perceptual decision making. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 21, 649\u2013655 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"7805_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm098","volume":"18","author":"MF Kuo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kuo, M. F., Paulus, W. & Nitsche, M. A. Boosting focally-induced brain plasticity by Dopamine. Cereb. Cortex 18, 648\u2013651 (2008).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"7805_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3415","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.190181","volume":"588","author":"K Monte-Silva","year":"2010","unstructured":"Monte-Silva, K., Liebetanz, D., Grundey, J., Paulus, W. & Nitsche, M. A. Dosage-dependent non-linear effect of l-dopa on human motor cortex plasticity. J. Physiol. 588, 3415\u20133424 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"7805_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh085","volume":"14","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. A. et al. Catecholaminergic consolidation of motor cortical neuroplasticity in humans. Cereb. Cortex 14, 1240\u20131245 (2004).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"7805_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.04676.x","volume":"23","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. A. et al. Dopaminergic modulation of long-lasting direct current-induced cortical excitability changes in the human motor cortex. Eur. J. Neurosci. 23, 1651\u20131657 (2006).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"7805_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy093","volume":"28","author":"C Fonteneau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fonteneau, C. et al. Frontal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Induces Dopamine Release in the Ventral Striatum in Human. Cereb. Cortex 28, 2636\u20132646 (2018).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"7805_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koyun A. H., Wendiggensen P., Roessner V., Beste C., Stock A. K. Effects of catecholaminergic and transcranial direct current stimulation on response inhibition. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. Published online May 14, 2024:pyae023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ijnp\/pyae023.","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyae023"},{"key":"7805_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750","volume":"64","author":"A Diamond","year":"2013","unstructured":"Diamond, A. Executive functions. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 64, 135\u2013168 (2013).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"7805_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2013.11.005","volume":"130","author":"J Parkinson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Parkinson, J. & Haggard, P. Subliminal priming of intentional inhibition. Cognition 130, 255\u2013265 (2014).","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"7805_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mcbride J., Boy F., Husain M., Sumner P. Automatic motor activation in the executive control of action. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2012;6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00082.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00082"},{"key":"7805_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196596","volume":"11","author":"F Schlaghecken","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schlaghecken, F. & Eimer, M. Masked prime stimuli can bias quot;freequot; choices between response alternatives. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 11, 463\u2013468 (2004).","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"7805_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.09.027","volume":"85","author":"AK Stock","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stock, A. K., Friedrich, J. & Beste, C. Subliminally and consciously induced cognitive conflicts interact at several processing levels. Cortex 85, 75\u201389 (2016).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"7805_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11134","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1001925107","volume":"107","author":"F Boy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Boy, F., Husain, M. & Sumner, P. Unconscious inhibition separates two forms of cognitive control. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 107, 11134\u201311139 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci."},{"key":"7805_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-021-02245-4","volume":"226","author":"N Adelh\u00f6fer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adelh\u00f6fer, N., Stock, A. K. & Beste, C. Anodal tDCS modulates specific processing codes during conflict monitoring associated with superior and middle frontal cortices. Brain Struct. Funct. 226, 1335\u20131351 (2021).","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"7805_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.04.012","volume":"18","author":"JF Cavanagh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cavanagh, J. F. & Frank, M. J. Frontal theta as a mechanism for cognitive control. Trends Cogn. Sci. 18, 414\u2013421 (2014).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"7805_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00479.2013","volume":"110","author":"MX Cohen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cohen, M. X. & Donner, T. H. Midfrontal conflict-related theta-band power reflects neural oscillations that predict behavior. J. Neurophysiol. 110, 2752\u20132763 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"7805_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01816","volume":"34","author":"P Wendiggensen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wendiggensen, P., Ghin, F., Koyun, A. H., Stock, A. K. & Beste, C. Pretrial Theta band activity affects context-dependent modulation of response inhibition. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 34, 605\u2013617 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"7805_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.10.007","volume":"16","author":"W Klimesch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Klimesch, W. Alpha-band oscillations, attention, and controlled access to stored information. Trends Cogn. Sci. 16, 606\u2013617 (2012).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"7805_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.06.003","volume":"1408","author":"W Klimesch","year":"2011","unstructured":"Klimesch, W. Evoked alpha and early access to the knowledge system: The P1 inhibition timing hypothesis. Brain Res. 1408, 52\u201371 (2011).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"7805_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2019.03.015","volume":"29","author":"RM Van Diepen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Van Diepen, R. M., Foxe, J. J. & Mazaheri, A. The functional role of alpha-band activity in attentional processing: the current zeitgeist and future outlook. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 29, 229\u2013238 (2019).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"key":"7805_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jensen O. & Mazaheri A. Shaping functional architecture by oscillatory alpha activity: gating by inhibition. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2010;4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2010.00186.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2010.00186"},{"key":"7805_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9581","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1114-21.2021","volume":"41","author":"YJ Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou, Y. J., Iemi, L., Schoffelen, J. M., de Lange, F. P. & Haegens, S. Alpha oscillations shape sensory representation and perceptual sensitivity. J. Neurosci. 41, 9581\u20139592 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"7805_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00701.2018","volume":"121","author":"M Pertermann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pertermann, M., M\u00fcckschel, M., Adelh\u00f6fer, N., Ziemssen, T. & Beste, C. On the interrelation of 1\/ f neural noise and norepinephrine system activity during motor response inhibition. J. Neurophysiol. 121, 1633\u20131643 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"7805_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.10.027","volume":"20","author":"A Bluschke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bluschke, A., Friedrich, J., Schreiter, M. L., Roessner, V. & Beste, C. A comparative study on the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying effects of methylphenidate and neurofeedback on inhibitory control in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuroimage Clin. 20, 1191\u20131203 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"7805_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119827815","volume":"33","author":"W Bensmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bensmann, W., Zink, N., Roessner, V., Stock, A. K. & Beste, C. Catecholaminergic effects on inhibitory control depend on the interplay of prior task experience and working memory demands. J. Psychopharmacol. 33, 678\u2013687 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"7805_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyz058","volume":"23","author":"M M\u00fcckschel","year":"2020","unstructured":"M\u00fcckschel, M., Eggert, E., Prochnow, A. & Beste, C. Learning experience reverses catecholaminergic effects on adaptive behavior. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 23, 12\u201319 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"7805_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2020.03.013","volume":"35","author":"M M\u00fcckschel","year":"2020","unstructured":"M\u00fcckschel, M., Roessner, V. & Beste, C. Task experience eliminates catecholaminergic effects on inhibitory control \u2013 A randomized, double-blind cross-over neurophysiological study. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 35, 89\u201399 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"7805_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyab012","volume":"24","author":"E Eggert","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eggert, E. et al. Perception-action integration is modulated by the catecholaminergic system depending on learning experience. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 24, 592\u2013600 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"7805_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.01.003","volume":"11","author":"S Nikolin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nikolin, S., Martin, D., Loo, C. K. & Boonstra, T. W. Effects of TDCS dosage on working memory in healthy participants. Brain Stimulation 11, 518\u2013527 (2018).","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"7805_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R\u00f6hner F. et al. Modulation of working memory using transcranial electrical stimulation: a direct comparison between TACS and TDCS. Front Neurosci. 2018;12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2018.00761.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00761"},{"key":"7805_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2014.06.004","volume":"37","author":"MX Cohen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cohen, M. X. A neural microcircuit for cognitive conflict detection and signaling. Trends Neurosci. 37, 480\u2013490 (2014).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"7805_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koyun A. H. et al. Interactions of Catecholamines and GABA+ in Cognitive Control: Insights from EEG and 1H-MRS. NeuroImage. Published online April 26, 2024:120619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2024.120619.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2024.120619"},{"key":"7805_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.09.075","volume":"125","author":"M M\u00fcckschel","year":"2016","unstructured":"M\u00fcckschel, M., Stock, A. K., Dippel, G., Chmielewski, W. & Beste, C. Interacting sources of interference during sensorimotor integration processes. NeuroImage 125, 342\u2013349 (2016).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"7805_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-04531-9","volume":"6","author":"C Beste","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beste, C., M\u00fcnchau, A. & Frings, C. Towards a systematization of brain oscillatory activity in actions. Commun. Biol. 6, 1\u201311 (2023).","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"7805_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.10.044","volume":"165","author":"M Lobier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lobier, M., Palva, J. M. & Palva, S. High-alpha band synchronization across frontal, parietal and visual cortex mediates behavioral and neuronal effects of visuospatial attention. NeuroImage 165, 222\u2013237 (2018).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"7805_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.09.004","volume":"20","author":"S Sadaghiani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sadaghiani, S. & Kleinschmidt, A. Brain Networks and \u03b1-Oscillations: Structural and Functional Foundations of Cognitive Control. Trends Cogn. Sci. 20, 805\u2013817 (2016).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"7805_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22702","DOI":"10.4161\/cib.22702","volume":"6","author":"M Bonnefond","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bonnefond, M. & Jensen, O. The role of gamma and alpha oscillations for blocking out distraction. Commun. Integr. Biol. 6, e22702 (2013).","journal-title":"Commun. Integr. Biol."},{"key":"7805_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.01.020","volume":"127","author":"Q Moreau","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moreau, Q., Candidi, M., Era, V., Tieri, G. & Aglioti, S. M. Midline frontal and occipito-temporal activity during error monitoring in dyadic motor interactions. Cortex 127, 131\u2013149 (2020).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"7805_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crneur.2022.100038","volume":"3","author":"H Ramezanpour","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ramezanpour, H. & Fallah, M. The role of temporal cortex in the control of attention. Curr. Res. Neurobiol. 3, 100038 (2022).","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Neurobiol."},{"key":"7805_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-019-01866-0","volume":"224","author":"W Bensmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bensmann, W., Zink, N., M\u00fcckschel, M., Beste, C. & Stock, A. K. Neuronal networks underlying the conjoint modulation of response selection by subliminal and consciously induced cognitive conflicts. Brain Struct. Funct. 224, 1697\u20131709 (2019).","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"7805_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi049","volume":"15","author":"HE Moss","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moss, H. E. et al. Selecting among competing alternatives: selection and retrieval in the left inferior frontal Gyrus. Cereb. Cortex 15, 1723\u20131735 (2005).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"7805_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.06.006","volume":"23","author":"JX Zhang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zhang, J. X., Feng, C. M., Fox, P. T., Gao, J. H. & Tan, L. H. Is left inferior frontal gyrus a general mechanism for selection? NeuroImage 23, 596\u2013603 (2004).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"7805_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-9-102","volume":"9","author":"D Swick","year":"2008","unstructured":"Swick, D., Ashley, V. & Turken, A. U. Left inferior frontal gyrus is critical for response inhibition. BMC Neurosci. 9, 102 (2008).","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"7805_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.21146","volume":"21","author":"I Oztekin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Oztekin, I., Curtis, C. E. & McElree, B. The medial temporal lobe and the left inferior prefrontal cortex jointly support interference resolution in verbal working memory. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 21, 1967\u20131979 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"7805_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1006\/brcg.1996.0004","volume":"30","author":"G Winocur","year":"1996","unstructured":"Winocur, G., Moscovitch, M. & Bruni, J. Heightened Interference on Implicit, but Not Explicit, Tests of Negative Transfer: Evidence from Patients with Unilateral Temporal Lobe Lesions and Normal Old People. Brain Cogn. 30, 44\u201358 (1996).","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"7805_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2021.101925","volume":"113","author":"B Herlin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Herlin, B., Navarro, V. & Dupont, S. The temporal pole: From anatomy to function\u2014A literature appraisal. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 113, 101925 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"7805_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01980","volume":"35","author":"CB Martin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Martin, C. B. et al. Resolving cross-modal semantic interference among object concepts requires medial temporal Lobe Cortex. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 35, 869\u2013884 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"7805_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-017-0778-2","volume":"18","author":"F Cortese","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cortese, F. et al. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the left temporal pole restores normal visual evoked potential habituation in interictal migraineurs. J. Headache Pain. 18, 70 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain."},{"key":"7805_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1178","volume":"4","author":"JS Simons","year":"2003","unstructured":"Simons, J. S. & Spiers, H. J. Prefrontal and medial temporal lobe interactions in long-term memory. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4, 637\u2013648 (2003).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"7805_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3535","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273005","volume":"595","author":"A Rahman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rahman, A., Lafon, B., Parra, L. C. & Bikson, M. Direct current stimulation boosts synaptic gain and cooperativity in vitro. J. Physiol. 595, 3535\u20133547 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"7805_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beste C. et al. The basal ganglia striosomes affect the modulation of conflicts by subliminal Information - evidence from X-linked dystonia parkinsonism. Cerebral Cortex. 2017;28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhx125.","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx125"},{"key":"7805_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.07.015","volume":"62","author":"T Goschke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goschke, T. & Bolte, A. Emotional modulation of control dilemmas: The role of positive affect, reward, and dopamine in cognitive stability and flexibility. Neuropsychologia 62, 403\u2013423 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"7805_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-017-0134-5","volume":"4","author":"A Jamil","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jamil, A. & Nitsche, M. A. What effect does tDCS have on the brain? Basic physiology of tDCS. Curr. Behav. Neurosci. Rep. 4, 331\u2013340 (2017).","journal-title":"Curr. Behav. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"7805_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kuo M. F., Polan\u00eda R. & Nitsche M. Physiology of Transcranial Direct and Alternating Current Stimulation. In: Brunoni A., Nitsche M., Loo C., eds. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Clinical Principles and Management. Springer International Publishing; 2016:29-46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-33967-2_3.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-33967-2_3"},{"key":"7805_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G. & Buchner, A. G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav. Res. Methods 39, 175\u2013191 (2007).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"7805_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","volume":"41","author":"F Faul","year":"2009","unstructured":"Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A. & Lang, A. G. Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav. Res Methods 41, 1149\u20131160 (2009).","journal-title":"Behav. Res Methods"},{"key":"7805_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(11)64618-1","volume":"75","author":"TD Challman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Challman, T. D. & Lipsky, J. J. Methylphenidate: Its pharmacology and uses. Mayo Clin. Proc. 75, 711\u2013721 (2000).","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"7805_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199937060-00002","volume":"37","author":"HC Kimko","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kimko, H. C., Cross, J. T. & Abernethy, D. R. Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Effectiveness of Methylphenidate. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 37, 457\u2013470 (1999).","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"7805_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3380","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00020","volume":"23","author":"L Jacobson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jacobson, L., Javitt, D. C. & Lavidor, M. Activation of inhibition: diminishing impulsive behavior by direct current stimulation over the inferior frontal gyrus. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 23, 3380\u20133387 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"7805_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2017.07.005","volume":"144","author":"DF Stramaccia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stramaccia, D. F., Penolazzi, B., Alto\u00e8, G. & Galfano, G. TDCS over the right inferior frontal gyrus disrupts control of interference in memory: A retrieval-induced forgetting study. Neurobiol. Learn Mem. 144, 114\u2013130 (2017).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn Mem."},{"key":"7805_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2016.12.008","volume":"277","author":"C Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee, C., Jung, Y. J., Lee, S. J. & Im, C. H. COMETS2: An advanced MATLAB toolbox for the numerical analysis of electric fields generated by transcranial direct current stimulation. J. Neurosci. Methods 277, 56\u201362 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"7805_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37524-z","volume":"13","author":"AH Koyun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Koyun, A. H., Stock, A. K. & Beste, C. Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the differential effect of reward prospect on response selection and inhibition. Sci. Rep. 13, 10903 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"7805_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pedroni A., Bahreini A. & Langer N. Automagic: Standardized Preprocessing of Big EEG Data. Published online June 18, 2019:460469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/460469.","DOI":"10.1101\/460469"},{"key":"7805_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","volume":"134","author":"A Delorme","year":"2004","unstructured":"Delorme, A. & Makeig, S. EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. J. Neurosci. Methods 134, 9\u201321 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"7805_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2015.00016","volume":"9","author":"N Bigdely-Shamlo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bigdely-Shamlo, N., Mullen, T., Kothe, C., Su, K. M. & Robbins, K. A. The PREP pipeline: standardized preprocessing for large-scale EEG analysis. Front Neuroinform. 9, 16 (2015).","journal-title":"Front Neuroinform."},{"key":"7805_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.05.032","volume":"28","author":"LC Parra","year":"2005","unstructured":"Parra, L. C., Spence, C. D., Gerson, A. D. & Sajda, P. Recipes for the linear analysis of EEG. NeuroImage 28, 326\u2013341 (2005).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"7805_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-7-30","volume":"7","author":"I Winkler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Winkler, I., Haufe, S. & Tangermann, M. Automatic classification of artifactual ICA-components for artifact removal in EEG signals. Behav. Brain Funct. 7, 30 (2011).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Funct."},{"key":"7805_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/156869","volume":"2011","author":"R Oostenveld","year":"2011","unstructured":"Oostenveld, R., Fries, P., Maris, E. & Schoffelen, J. M. FieldTrip: Open Source Software for Advanced Analysis of MEG, EEG, and Invasive Electrophysiological Data. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2011, 156869 (2011).","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"7805_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.2.694","volume":"98","author":"J Gross","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gross, J. et al. Dynamic imaging of coherent sources: Studying neural interactions in the human brain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 98, 694\u2013699 (2001).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci."},{"key":"7805_CR92","unstructured":"Ester M., Kriegel H. P., Sander J. & Xu X. A. Density-Based Algorithm for Discovering Clusters in Large Spatial Databases with Noise. 96:226\u2013231 (1996)."},{"key":"7805_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117052","volume":"219","author":"N Adelh\u00f6fer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adelh\u00f6fer, N. & Beste, C. Pre-trial theta band activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex correlates with inhibition-related theta band activity in the right inferior frontal cortex. NeuroImage 219, 117052 (2020).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"7805_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0978","volume":"15","author":"N Tzourio-Mazoyer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tzourio-Mazoyer, N. et al. Automated Anatomical Labeling of Activations in SPM Using a Macroscopic Anatomical Parcellation of the MNI MRI Single-Subject Brain. NeuroImage 15, 273\u2013289 (2002).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"7805_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koyun, A. H. & Stock A. K. Neurophysiological Insights into Catecholamine-Dependent tDCS Modulation of Cognitive Control [Data set]. Open Science Frameworf: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/WEXGU.","DOI":"10.17605\/OSF.IO\/WEXGU"}],"container-title":["Communications Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-025-07805-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-025-07805-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-025-07805-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T10:57:52Z","timestamp":1741258672000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-025-07805-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7805"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-025-07805-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2399-3642"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2399-3642","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Christian Beste is an Editorial Board Member for Communications Biology, but was not involved in the editorial review of, nor the decision to publish this article. All other authors have nothing to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"375"}}